Racism in Northern Irish Society Essay - 2935 Words

Q. Racism in Ireland and Northern Ireland is on the rise. Critically assess the explanations for this rise in either Ireland or Northern Ireland. (Word Count 2265) This working paper attempts to gain a better understanding of the causes of racism within Northern Ireland. In order to do this effectively, it is first necessary to look at the diverse meaning of racism as well as providing statistics to show that racism is a continuing problem within contemporary society. These statistics alone pose many problems through their collection and their questionable inability of response by the police and the criminal justice system (Haughey 2012). Policies and strategies that are put in place to tackle†¦show more content†¦This reflects the CJS and the Police’s inability to respond to hate crime, as the clearance rate has fallen from 20.5% in 2005/2006 to 12.5% in 2008/2009 (Haughey 2012). Only 12 out of 14,000 incidents of hate crime in the last five years have lead to successful prosecutions. Patrick Yu (executive director of Northern Ireland for ethnic minorities) would stress the importance of a blueprint to tackle hate race crime, similar to that of the Macpherson Report in England and Wales (Fergus 2010). The European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) which is implemented by the Human Rights Act 1998, states that authorities, ‘have the duty to act in a way which is compatible with the individual rights and freedoms contained in the ECHR,’ (Morrow, 2012: 1). If this policy is not adhered to, many violations occur, including; right to a fair trial, right to life and freedom of expression, etc (Morrow 2012). Under the Race Relations (NI) Order 1997, it is of statutory functions to, ‘promote good relations between persons of different racial groups’ (Equality Commission for Northern Ireland 2012). In looking at the racial equality strategy of 2005-2010, the strategy aimed to; eliminate unlawful discrimination, promote equality of opportunity and to pr tackle racial inequalities, eradicate racism and hate crime alongside the policy for ‘A shared future’ to promote good relations (A racial Equality Strategy for Northern Ireland 2007).Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of The Irish Way by James R. Barrett1572 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis The book, â€Å"The Irish Way† by James R. Barrett is a masterpiece written to describe the life of Irish immigrants who went to start new lives in America after conditions at home became un-accommodative. Widespread insecurity, callous English colonizers and the ghost of great famine still lingering on and on in their lives, made this ethnic group be convinced that home was longer a home anymore. They descended in United States of America in large numbers. James R. Barrett in his book notesRead MoreThe Hegemonic Construction Of Ireland2740 Words   |  11 PagesMigration has fundamentally changed the nature of Irish society. Ireland has recently become a country of immigration; nonetheless the changes have been rapid and have changed the country significantly both north and south of the boarder. It is one of a number of peripheral European countries which has transformed from having a lengthy history of emigration, to becoming a recipient of substantial inward migration. In Ireland today, migration â€Å"Is one of the topics under discussion† (Gilmartin WhiteRead MoreThe Age Of The Civil War1592 Words   |  7 Pagesgeographical area. There were pros and there were cons during this time in America. The cons seemed to outweigh the pros; racism, wars, and other societal problems became major issues within North America. The age of the Civil War revealed the United of States Americas societal and racial issues in great depth. Acts of murder, assault, larceny, and destruction all took place in the Northern hemisphere of America. There were a series of riots that took place after the announcement of the draft law. The DraftRead MoreIrish Immigrants and the New York Draft Riots of 18631453 Words   |  6 Pageswho opposed to the Civil War, draft and Emancipation Proclamation. This paper will discuss how the Irish immigrants in New York affected the draft riots of 1863, and the reason behind their participation, exploring specifically the social, cl ass and racial issues the Irish immigrants faced. The United States saw an influx of Irish immigrants due to the Great Famine (potatoes) in Ireland. The Irish were misunderstood especially in New York because many of them came from the rural farm lands in IrelandRead MoreDefusing the Conflict in Northern Ireland1499 Words   |  6 Pagesreligious discrepancy had a real effect on the Irish people, interfering with their Catholic tradition. The Irish people had longed for independence from the British for a long time; but, Britain really managed to agitate the Irish when they sent settlers from Britain and Scotland to settle in Northern Ireland. This agitation eventually grew into the Northern Ireland War, as the Protestants began to take control. If the Protestants had just settled into Northern Ireland and went about their life, thereRead MoreTerrorism Influences1537 Words   |  7 Pagesterrorist attacks. â€Å"Through the past two hundred years, terrorism has been used to achieve political ends and has developed as a tool fo r liberation, oppression, and international global politics† (â€Å"State Of Delaware†, 2012). The Russian Revolution and Irish Republican Army Influence on Western Hemisphere The Russian revolution was responsible for the deaths of thousands of people. It was here that the idealization of revolutionary terrorism first surfaced. â€Å"Revolutionary Terrorism emerged as a strategicRead MoreThe Speed And Lowered The Expense Of Commerce845 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigration. Many immigrants settled in northern states. Numerous factors inspired this massive flow of population across the Atlantic. European economic conditions were going down. Introduction of the ocean-going steamship made trans-Atlantic transportation more convenient. American religious and political freedoms attracted many Europeans fleeing from the failed revolutions of 1848. The Irish were refugees from disaster, fleeing the Irish potato famine. They filled manyRead MoreImmigration In The 19th Century Essay895 Words   |  4 Pageswithout immigration the creation of America would not have been possible. The majority of immigrants came to America for religious freedom and economic opportunities. However, for the most part before the 1870’s most immigrants were Protestants from northern and western Europe. These immigrants often migrated to the United States as families and usually lived on farms with family or friends who had already migrated beforehand. A lot of immigrants came to America with a plan or goal in mind. They oftenRead MoreThe United States And India1347 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped their societies through these divisions. They are still discriminated against and in some cases, a specific one being of the lack of education funds provided for Native American schools amongst the nation. With there being â€Å"The federal government is responsible for 183 native American schools across 23 statesâ €  and in ensuring an equalitarian learning system. (Mic, 2014) But so far has not yet done so. Social issues amongst Native American school equality have resulted from racism in the pastRead MoreRacism in the American Society in the 1920s Essay example1000 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in the American Society in the 1920s Black people have always been a part of Americas history. They were brought to America in the seventeenth century as slaves by white settlers. Slavery ended by the nineteenth century, and by this time there were more black Americans than white Americans in the southern states. However, Blacks always had a tough time, this is due to the stereotypical view that the people had of them. The whites believed that the Blacks were

The Food And Drug Administration - 898 Words

According to the regulations established by the FDA in 1992, â€Å"Under this policy, foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and their byproducts, derived from plant varieties developed by the new methods of genetic modification are regulated within the existing framework of the act† (FDA). In other words, instead of creating new regulations that are specific to these completely unique food products, they are put within the umbrella of other â€Å"natural† products. As time passes it appears to be harder to establish strict regulations to manage genetically modified food. According to the Center for Food Safety the most current propose of the Food and Drug Administration establishes that agricultural biotech companies should notify the FDA within a period of 120 before the companies proceed to introduce the product to the market. Regrettably, there is not mention of any regulation that requires assessment for health and environmental safety. This leave the companies with the freedom decide the kind of test that they want to perform if they decide to do so. But most important if this proposal is successful approve it will mean that the companies will have the right to freely even control what they want to include on their labels, which it will most likely exclude the mentioning of genetically modified food. The FDA is not the only agency that neglects the responsibility to adequately manage genetically modified products, the EPA fails to assess the damage that is cause byShow MoreRelatedThe Food And Drug Administration1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is best known for its role on protecting the health of the public by making sure that food, medications are safe and effective. Especially when it comes to the pharmaceutical industry, its mission is to regulate pharmaceutical manufacturers, as well as the drug approval process. However, in the recent years, many arguments and controversy regarding drug development and regulation have risen. Drug advertisements make false and misleading claims, products areRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting and promoting  public health  through regulating pharmaceutical drugs, biologics and medical device in context to granting approvals for marketing authorization, surveillance of the clinical trial study of the drug, post-marketing surveillance of the medical product, etc. The Pharmaceutical companies seek for FDA approval for a new drug to be marketed through a long process. This process starts with applying an application knownRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1017 Words   |  5 Pagescosmetic products on the market all over the world than ever before. There has also been an emphasis on beauty and how one presents themselves to others. The combination of these factors lead to an increase in demand for cosmetics. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has little to no control over the regulation over the safety of the ingredients included in personal care products on the market. Problems arise because there are known and identified toxic chemicals in many cosmetics, but not muchRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1740 Words   |  7 Pagesto decline and present a risk to future food security. As a world, we are facing an adaptation deficit leaving us very vulnerable and thus, we must seek to find alternative resources to adapt and mitigate the risk to agriculture. One solution might be attributed to genetically modified foods, which are found in 80% of processed foods today, much to the unawareness of public consumers. In America, the Food and Drug Administration has the authority over food labeling and it has concluded that thereRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1903 Words   |  8 Pages2016. On December 1, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration released a Final Rule clarifying the requirements, which include easy-to-see calorie counts for all â€Å"standard menu items,† as well as the inclusion of statements communicating the average daily intake of 2,000 calories and informing consumers that more detailed nutritional information can be obtained by request (Goldman, 2015). The goal of this rule is â€Å"to make nutrition information for certain foods available to consumers in a directRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration2463 Words   |  10 PagesConsumers thus should be concerned what they put in their bodies. The Food and Drug Administration is regulating food, but people are sicker now than they ever have been. Not only them, but the big pharmaceutical companies also play a role in this giving drugs to people to help their problems but end up with a host of other problems from their fix. With this project I hope to show how incompetent the Food and Drug Administration is by unveiling what synthetic vitamins really are, the chemicals usedRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved naltrexone in 1994 to assist in the treatment of alcohol dependence (Mark et. al, 2003). According to multiple studies of various sizes the medication has been proven to be highly beneficial in assisting with alcohol withdrawal and relapse (Leavitt, 2002; Rohsenow, 2004; Williams, 2005). With the approval of the FDA and the backing of many studies, why is this wonder drug not being more widely used? The following will address how naltrexone worksRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1142 Words   |  5 PagesAndy Nunez English 1101 Amy Sandefur 9 September 2014 Dear Michael Taylor, As senior advisor of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), I understand that you must have thousand of proposals being addressed to you everyday. I also understand that the FDA is responsible for tests that use dogs, primates and other species as test subjects to meet legal safety requirements. (Navs.org) At the same time, I, and millions of other people believe that the laws on animal experimentation need to be reviewedRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1430 Words   |  6 Pagesto the sugary taste of many foods and go by many names – saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ but they are all formulated by chemical engineers. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) describes artificial sweeteners as â€Å"probably safe,† and this statement has proven to be quite true (Nestle). For several years, aspartame and saccharin have been linked to weight gain and cancer in consumers and lab animals (Nestle). Because artificial sweeteners are used in many food pro ducts (most commonly dietRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1298 Words   |  6 PagesIn 2000, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a health claim which states that consuming foods containing plant sterol and stanol esters along with other low cholesterol and saturated fat foods can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (Jones, Vanstone, Raeini-Sarjaz, St-Onge, 2003). Today, many functional foods in the form of margarines, spread, yogurt, and others, have been enriched with phytosterols and advocated as being able to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Phytosterols

How far do you think Twelfth Night succeeds as a comedy Free Essays

When one considers the convention of the Elizabethan romantic comedy, a light-hearted tale of love in which obstacles are overcome- often to resolve with a marriage, Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night certainly challenges the convention. Although the resolution of the joining of three couples: Orsino and Viola; Olivia and Sebastian and Sir Toby and Maria satisfies the criteria for a romantic comedy in some way, the bizarre nature in which some of these relationships come about makes the audience question the likelihood of their successes. In addition, Shakespeare leaves an open denouement in that the amorous outcomes some characters (Malvolio, Antonio and Sir Andrew) are negative- being left alone or unresolved. We will write a custom essay sample on How far do you think Twelfth Night succeeds as a comedy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The melodramatic manner in which Orsino muses over Olivia at the very start of Act 1 seems to suggest that the unrequitedness of love is more for comedic value rather than a valid representation of true love and thus cannot be taken seriously. Orsino’s hyperbolic soliloquy of his love, â€Å"give me excess of it, so that it may sicken and so die† and later the pun of â€Å"was I turned into a hart, and my desires, like fell and cruel hounds, e’er since pursue me† support this as this painful love is unbelievably developed seeing as he hardly knows Olivia and one could say he is in love with the chase of Olivia- the challenge. To me, this behaviour is reminiscent of the young Romeo’s fanciful love for Rosaline when he soliloquises with confused oxymoronic language, and, as in Romeo and Juliet, it could be interpreted that Shakespeare uses Orsino to make a satirical comment on the shallowness of courtly love. The contrived speech Orsino gives to Cesario to recite to Olivia, a common occurrence in Elizabethan times, includes â€Å"most radiant, exquisite and unmatchable beauty. There is a lack of conviction in these disingenuous words- only used to fulfil the romantic expectation. This disingenuousness is further comedically lampooned by Shakespeare by the way in which Cesario explains that this speech â€Å"took great pains to study† and how she â€Å"can say little more than [she has] studied. † This foreshadows the fact that lack of love or happiness will be present at the ending. However, when one compares this relationship to that between Orsino and the revealed Viola at the climax, it seems as though it was inevitable, as Orsino seems attracted to Cesario’s feminine features from the start, as he states that â€Å"Diana’s lip is not more smooth and rubious; thy small pipe is as the maiden’s organ, shrill and sound, and all is semblative a woman’s part,† which provokes comical dramatic irony to the audience. In addition, the iambic pentameter which the two share in act 2 scene 4, â€Å"Viola: I should your Lordship. Orsino: And what’s her history? Viola: Sir, shall I to this lady? Orsino: Ay, that’s the theme† has become synonymous with the inevitability of a couple’s destiny to be together, highlighting the balance the couple share with each other and is used frequently in Romeo and Juliet for this reason. However, it could also be said that the success of this relationship is unlikely due to the fact that Orsino goes as far as to wish death upon Cesario, although I believe that Shakespeare uses this purely to express Orsino’s frustration for having sexual feelings towards a boy, and feelings which seem more genuine than his courtly, more suitable love for Olivia, although Cesario does continue to call Viola â€Å"Cesario† and â€Å"boy,† which could mean that Orsino’s dramatic purpose is to prove that one can be attracted to both the masculine and feminine features of a person, as Shakespeare seemed to have experienced himself as mentioned in the â€Å"two loves† of sonnet 144. Shakespeare portrays a more blatant presentation of homosexual attraction through Antonio. To me, Antonio’s love for Sebastian seems the truest of all, with him revealing the extent of which as he says â€Å"I do adore thee so, that danger shall seem sport and I will go†, and he does keep to his word as he is willing to enter Orsino’s court, going as far as risking his life, yet Shakespeare leaves him â€Å"unhappy and alone. Shakespeare uses this love to make a serious point rather than a comedic one about how the most passionate loves can be found in circumstances other than the conventional man and woman, as at the time of the play, homosexual relationships in theatre were usually presented in a ridiculous manner for comedic value to laugh at the ostensible folly of it, or mere carnal lust, as opposed to the utter devotion spoken of when Antonio says â€Å"if you will not murder me for my love, let me be your servant,† whereas in Twelfth Night, the most conventional love, that between Orsino and Olivia, is the least realistic- and Antonioâ⠂¬â„¢s for Sebastian the most. Antonio’s loving actions juxtapose with the disingenuous fancifulness of Malvolio’s mere speeches of love- proving Shakespeare’s intent for the construction of a more genuine homosexual love. Antonio expresses his love beyond words- offering Sebastian his purse for the eventuality that his â€Å"eye shall light upon some toy [he is] willing to purchase. † This selfless sacrifice of something necessary to Antonio for the mere materialistic pleasure of his beloved is quite representative of their quite one-sided relationship of servitude. When Cesario is mistaken for being Sebastian, fitting in with the recurring theme mistaken identity, the intensity of Antonio’s passion is revealed. His feelings of betrayal and solitude are not, however, resolved with the revelation that Cesario is not in fact Sebastian, as shortly after, before Antonio can even think of having Sebastian to himself, he is engaged to Olivia. As Laurie E. Osborne puts it, Antonio’s final predicament â€Å"gives us at this moment an image of loss that it can do little to assuage, since at the end Antonio finds Sebastian only to stand silently by, watching him commit himself to Olivia. † Also, earlier in the play, Sebastian’s â€Å"my kind Antonio, I can no other answer make but thanks, and thanks; and ever thanks; and oft good turns† suggests that Sebastian aware of Antonio’s romantic feelings for him, but respectfully denies him, stating that he’d prefer a platonic relationship. The aforementioned melancholy of Antonio’s predicament at the play’s denouement is a message too sombre to succeed comedically to a modern audience due to the attenuation of heteronormativity over time, thus making empathy for a homosexual love easier. However, this comedic aspect of the play may have succeeded to an Elizabethan audience due to a lack of â€Å"queer love† acceptance. Nevertheless, I believe that, due to Shakespeare’s ostensible bisexuality (evidenced through such works as sonnets 15, 18 and 20) it is probable that Antonio’s misfortune in his love for Sebastian is intended to be sympathised with- most likely failing at this to an Elizabethan audience. However, of course, as it is a Shakespearean romance, it is one of many to consider and thus cannot deem the play a holistic failure with regards to its comedy. The amorous feelings which Sir Andrew has for Olivia throughout the play are completely unrequited, although, unlike Antonio, the audience never really empathises with him due to his function being solely to fulfil the low-comedic aspects of the play- Shakespeare constructing an â€Å"aristocratic fool† stock character in Sir Andrew, seeming almost incapable of emoting the complexity in which love is presented in Twelfth Night, the wittier Sir Toby, who fulfils the high-comedic aspects of the play seem to understand what true love is, therefore Shakespeare succeeds in making Sir Andrew’s unhappiness and aloneness comedic. Sir Toby lampoons Sir Andrew, presenting Sir Andrew’s stupidity to the audience- reinforcing that the audience shouldn’t feel guilty for laughing at him. The ridiculousness of the duel scene between Sir Andrew and Cesario over Olivia makes it one of the most comically entertaining scenes in the play, and yet, beneath the folly of its surface, proves Sir Andrew’s devotion to Olivia, making his feelings seem unimportant to the audience, regardless of their truth, therefore succeeding in being a comical ending in this instance. Malvolio is, like Sir Andrew, left alone without sympathy from the audience. Tricked by Sir Toby, Maria and Sir Andrew and seeking revenge, it could be interpreted that Shakespeare uses Malvolio to lampoon the prudish views of the Puritan- Maria calling him â€Å"a kind of Puritan,† a â€Å"time-pleaser† and an â€Å"affectionate ass† due to the Puritanical traits which Shakespeare had installed into him, the combination of these surely indicating that Shakespeare intended on making â€Å"Puritan† a negative insult because during the period of the play’s release, Puritans tried to close down theatres due to their lack of concurrence with Puritanical doctrines. However, Malvolio’s true religious views are never explicitly mentioned, possibly so that a Puritanical backlash wouldn’t occur. Alternatively, as Allison P. Hobgood interprets, â€Å"Malvolio hides his truer â€Å"appetites†[for higher power and status] beneath a constructed outer persona, a â€Å"shell† of sobriety, moderation, and propriety. The steward merely acts the role of a Puritan, that is, and hence is perhaps much more un-puritanical than one might imagine. † Malvolio’s construction fits the criteria of the Theophrastian stock character Mikrophilotimia, or â€Å"the man of petty ambition,† the word â€Å"petty† in this categorisation enabling the audience to laugh at Malvolio’s misfortune, thus succeeding comedically. The Humanistic revival of the Renaissance Era makes it highly likely that Shakespeare was conscious of this allusion in his production of the play. Feste brings the play to its denouement with his dejected song, repeating the line â€Å"for the rain, it raineth every day† encapsulating the dark, serious undertone of the play-without which it could be easily interpreted as a resolved, conventional romantic comedy, although Feste’s song reminds the audience that not all characters are left happy and fulfilled. The fact that Feste, a mere â€Å"fool,† gets the concluding lines of the play highlights the transposition of social roles which is an important part of the Twelfth Night festival on which the play is based. Feste, contrary to his title of the â€Å"fool† is also one of the wisest characters, and thus has the power to see and tell beyond the play’s superficially happy plot. To conclude, I believe that the characters which are left â€Å"unhappy and alone† are usually characters used by Shakespeare to be laughed at as opposed to sympathised with- with the subtle exception of Antonio, who is meant to send a more serious message to the audience over sexuality, thus succeeding as a comedy, yet one which deviates from the conventions of its time. Considering the alternative title of the play, â€Å"What You Will,† perhaps a conclusion can be drawn that Shakespeare wants us to make what we will of the ending, using an open denouement whose continuation is to be interpreted as being cheerfully comedic or sombrely serious. How to cite How far do you think Twelfth Night succeeds as a comedy?, Papers

My Memorable High School Years Essay Example For Students

My Memorable High School Years Essay â€Å"My high school years were memorable years† to what extend is the statement true from your experience. 300-500 words This statement â€Å"My high school years were memorable years,† is true to a certain extent due to my personal experience. The years that were not memorable started in grade ten. I was seen as an outcast mentally and socially. Since I was always in my books and prepared for my exams ahead of time, I was tantalized frequently by my classmates. Depression hovered over me like a cloud on a rainy day. I was so lost and confused; the only way I thought people would like me was to pretend to be someone else. At the end of grade ten things took a turn for the better. This became the beginning of the years I would like to remember. I was a ten grader when I received the highest grade point average. I was astonished at first but I knew I deserved it. my friends like Abigail Turner, Gabrielle Evans, Desinque Rahaming , Dominic Fowler and the rest of my friends chanted my name, latija king and applauded with great confidence. I received the trophy delightfully from my principal, Mr. Wendell. Miller. By the grace of God I excelled tremendously. A second memorable experience came in 2014 when I came third in the 800 meters. Finally, I expect this year to be memorable because I strive for greatness in everything I do, which I hope in the long run leaves an impact on others to follow. I hope through my examples that my friends will put their trust in God, have good work ethics, to be humble and respectful, accomplish their goals and make a positive influence on others. To my classmates, I hope they understand to be true to who they are in all circumstances. To the younger students, I want them to remember me as a role model. I tell them all the time it does not matter what color shirt they are wearing, whether blue or gold. It’s not the shirt that makes the leader but the person. The years that were not memorable taught me a valuable lesson. I learnt to be brave and stand for what is right. Once I learnt this I started to have some memorable years. I will treasure these memories for a life time. I want my high school experiences to leave a lasting impact on my friends, classmates and younger students.