Music during WW2 and how it played a role Essay

Music during World War 2 was made to help get people through depression and motivate the men and women fighting in Europe and Asia. Everyone was into patriotism at this time including the music they listened to. At this time music has expanded its demographic to younger audiences, before it popular music was mainly appealing for adults. It contained many uplifting styles of music such as swing, be-bop, and country. For example Frank Sinatra became very popular to the young teenage demographic. He was the first singing teen idol. He created more swinging music to help with the war with songs like â€Å"The Birth of the Blues†. Jo Stafford also became famous with her romantic World War 2 ballads. Most of her songs helped the troops overseas remember their wives and girlfriends back home. Other songs also helped like â€Å"America Calling† by Meredith Willson, which helped boost morale of the country and convinced men to enlist into the armed services. It reminds them about what this war is about and to support it. â€Å"Angels of Mercy† by Irving Berlin, which was created after the bombing of Pearl Harbor dedicating the American Red Cross nurses, portraying them as Angels of Mercy wounded victims overseas. â€Å"Back Home For Keeps† by Carmen Lombardo, which is about a wife waiting for her husband to return home. This song gave a good mood and also helped support the war. â€Å"Cowards Over Pearl Harbor† by Fred Rose, which gave great American Spirit by talking about how America will over Japan, the evil country. â€Å"G. I. Blues† by Floyd Tillman, which describes the view of an American Soldier at war. It describes them as being lazy and doing nothing, which makes him depressed and wanting to come home. His thinks that if they continue to have lazy soldiers, America will not be able to win. â€Å"Hello Mom† by Eddie Dunstedter, which was about more about the propaganda during the war and gave more morale. Plus, it also supported the war bonds. It helped the parents who had a son in the war make them feel better. â€Å"Ma! I Miss You Apple Pie† by a G.I. at a training camp, which summed up what America is fighting for. The Apple Pie symbolizes Americas Freedom and how a soldier misses his Apple Pie. â€Å"Wonder When My Baby’s Coming Home† by Kermit Goell and Arthur Kent, which is yet another  song about a wife or girlfriend waiting for her lover to come home, waiting in her house. â€Å"I’ve been Drafted Now I’m Drafting You† by Lyle Moraine & Chuck Foster, which is about the pains about separation and a soldier convincing his girlfriend to be proud to so him in uniform. In conclusion, the music during World War 2 where mainly about the war, patriotism, propaganda, and much more with lyrics that helped Americans get through the war years.

The Challenging of Institutions Within the Art World

TERM 1 WEEK 5 The challenging of institutions within the art world â€Å"Artworks are designed to challenge institutions and test the limits of tolerance,† (John A Walker) as they challenge the historical context of traditional institutions, such as conventions, government and religious views, by viewing works. Through the post-modern frame (examining how artists and artworks challenge traditional bounds and rules, and conventions in art including concepts of originality and authenticity), artists in contemporary societies have started to use non-conventional, appropriated techniques to create new meaning within their works- shocking audiences and challenging institutional tolerance, ‘limits of tolerance’ (John A Walker) often being assessed through audiences reaction, censorship and the banning of exhibitions. The Sensation Exhibition is a collection by Charles Saatchi opened in 1997 to attempt to define a generation of artists, shocking the world with their controversial themes and medias. Three works within this exhibition that challenge the institution and tested the boundaries of their tolerance were The Holy Virgin Mary (1996) by Chris Ofili which explores the hypocrisy of Catholicism, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Something Living (1991) by Damien Hirst which deals with the cycle of life and death and My Bed (1999) by Tracey Emin which explores the most brutal times in Emin’s life. Each of these works tests the boundaries of tolerance for institutional galleries, religion, society and morality, challenging and confronting the way they are viewed within each institution. The Sensation Exhibition, lead to an up roar by members of society, including aspects of the art world Chris Ofili’s, The Holy Virgin Mary was a leading cause of controversy in the Sensation Exhibition due to the potent mixture of themes such as purity, pornography and excrement. On two lumps of dried, varnished elephant dung, sits Ofili’s work of an African American Madonna, covered in Renaissance styled drapery. The Holy Virgin Mary appropriates and recontextulizes the traditional Virgin Mary, not only by this but, by juxtaposing the pure, innocence of cherubs and substituting not only their physicality on the canvas but also their meaning with photographs of female genitalia. Ofili’s work plays with the idea that women should bear full chastity but also embarrass her sexuality within, highlighting the hypocrisy of Catholicism. The Holy Virgin Mary challenges the Catholic Church as an institution through the recontextulization of the Virgin Mary- a pure and sacred symbol in Catholicism. How individual views each work within each gallery institution is different. â€Å"You don’t have the right to a government subsidy for desecrating someone’s religion. † (Rudolph Giuliani- Mayor of New York) The Holy Virgin Mary provoked the anger of Giuliani, not only outraged because of the pornographic elements of the artwork but also its painting surface and support on elephant dung. For Guliani, this work was interpreted as an insulting and blasphemous attack on the holy status of the Virgin Mary. While Giuliani sees the work as disrespect to religion, Ofili himself sees the piece as a work of beauty, the elephant dung highlighting the natural phenomenon of life, another entity of purity within itself. Through Ofili’s work, religion has become a reoccurring subject of art, not because of any religious beliefs held by the artist himself, but to show the result of change in society, including religions place therein. Society has been conditioned by institutions to behave in a contemplative, reflective manner when viewing museum works. Every individual views a work differently, thus challenging the limits of not only an individual’s tolerance but also an institution as a whole through the general publics expression and reflection on a work. Damien Hirst’s The Physical Impossibility in the Mind of Something Living explores the confronting idea of death in a hypocritical light. Hirst’s use of the physical form of a dead shark, which is known as a symbol of death and fear is very confronting. The public viewing this work may question these stereotypical ideas associated with this animal whilst being able to stare it directly in the face, in all its silence and serenity. The use of formaldehyde to preserve the external remains of the dead shark makes the audience think about the internal happenings of not only the shark but also themselves, as an individual and what happens in your mind when you are physically dead. Damien Hirst’s quest to be edgy is as boring as it is callous. It does not matter whether Hirst killed the animals himself or sat by while thousands of them were massacred for his own unjustifiable amusement. Sharks are a part of nature and should be aloud to live in the wild instead of destroyed for something predictable and unimaginative. † (Same Glover, PETA) The reaction of PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) towards Hirst’s was that he was barbaric and cruel, not recognising Hirst’s works as art. Presented in a gallery space, with the subject matter and materials used, suspended within a glass tank is an unconventional art form in itself- also contributing to the tolerance and challenging of the gallery institution and the public as an institution. This reaction, â€Å"In keeping with the piece's title, the shark is simultaneously life and death incarnate in a way you don't quite grasp until you see it, suspended and silent, in its tank. It gives the innately demonic urge to live a demonic, deathlike form. (New York Times 2007) This extract emphasises the effect this piece has on the audience when seen up close and personal in the actual gallery space, thus testing the limits of audience and gallery tolerance and challenging the space it exhibits in. Art within an institution is used to influence the public’s attitude and beliefs or, in some cases, relate to a smaller group who have gone through the similar experiences in life. â€Å"It was as if it was no longer the task to produce masterpieces, but to use the making and showing of art in the service of some more socially urgent endeavour†. Arthur Danto) Tracey Emin’s, My Bed does exactly this. My Bed explores an individual’s issue of identity, sexuality and morality in a brutally honest way through the contemplation of suicide. Emin’s work confronts an audience by letting you into her world to explore the toughest yet greatest times in her life. This subject is much more fragile than Hirst’s and Ofili’s work as it makes the connection between a personal hardship in Emin’s life rather than the fear of death felt in Hirst’s work or the traditional vs. modern exploration created by Ofili. By putting something, so personal such as a bed on display in a gallery setting- the traditional design of the institution as a place for a ‘masterpiece’ has been challenged through the raw and honestly confrontation of Emin’s work. â€Å"Emin brings life in things taken from the real world — into the art gallery and leaves it there, more or less unchanged† (The Telegraph) This statement supports Emin’s connection to individuals who go through depression and contemplation of suicide through the raw, untouched entities of her bedroom, exaggerating the self-absorption and self-pity felt in an isolated room full of negative, undermining houghts. Through placing such an intimate entity in a gallery space and making it her own room, Emin challenges the gallery as an institution by making it a more personalized experience for not only the people who have gone through this hardship, but everyone by placing something so uncanny in a public gallery, bl urring the line between private and public externalisation. â€Å"Artworks are designed to challenge institutions and test the limits of tolerance,† by attempting to define a generation of artists and their diverse and controversial artistic visions. Through different medias, attributing to their post modernistic conventions, The Holy Virgin Mary by Chris Ofili, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Something Living by Damien Hirst and My Bed by Tracey Emin all challenge and test the boundaries of tolerance for institutional galleries, religion, society and mortality. Each work explores the recontextulization of gallery spaces through the historical context by redefining an institution as a place that challenges history rather than upholds the traditional design of conventional, ‘classical’ art. Institutions such as PETA, religion, governments and the public, have all been challenged by artworks, thus redefining institutions and being designed to test their limitations. Bibliography: 27/2/13, retrieved from the world wide web, Sensation Saatchi Collection, Records of the Department of Public Information, https://www. brooklynmuseum.

Sometimes in Winter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sometimes in Winter - Essay Example The succeeding paragraph will also contain my own thoughts and emotion about this work. After having gone though the literary pieces of Linda Pastan, I realized that most of her poems were all about life, love and human emotions. Such that the central them she chose to employ in this poem, Sometimes in winter, talks about her thoughts about life, whether her own life or those of others whom she knew she was a part of as well as those which became part of her. This poem to me, is an allegory about how people become instrumental in the lives of others, and how they step in and walk into that lives leaving footprints that I might as well equate with memory and etched meaning. Linda Pastan's view about life depicts the reality of how people relate with one another, thus the saying no man is an island. We need others in order to make us feel good with in. As human beings, we need other people to interact with, to relate and converse with, even to the extent of realizing what was going on with our own lives by looking at the experiences of others. She used the symbolism of v isualizing the faces of those she loves, those faces that may perhaps touched her lives at one point in time. These can be depicted on the memories of those people we hold dear that are etched inside our minds, and going over that vision again reminds us the things that did both good and bad. Thus, every person's impact in our lives is conceived through the bonds and relationship we established with them. These relationships will become an archive of well kept experiences; those instances that made us laugh, cry, angry or annoyed. These are feelings that remind us about our human qualities embedded within extracted and surfaced because of others. This to me is what she was trying to say in the first line of her poem. Taking into consideration the setting she used, winter, depicts of cold and dark times, times where people are forced into seclusion. With which I take the positive and discuss my own reflections about this particular setting. My views about her poems set in the winter is those times when we feel alone, most certainly down and defeated by circumstances that sometimes are too much for a human emotion to bear, such is a time when we would want to feel lifted and free of all desperation. If we were to incorporate the first line of the poem into the setting, I can say that Pastan had wonderful people around her during her most desperate time. These people were there to support her and keep her warm amidst the coldness and darkness of the nature of her situation. Winter here, depicts of a certain phase of here life where she struggles to cope with realities and accepts the burden, and such was made possible through the assistance of a support group, weather family, friends and love ones. On the other hand, this can also depict a setting with which a negative stand is depicted. It may be that winter in her poem is the experiences caused by other people's wrath and coldness that forces her to shut out and withdraw from. It may be the effect of this experiences that she describes as bleak and dark. The relationship we make with other people does not always turn out the way we want them to be. There are those that

Julio Le Parc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Julio Le Parc - Case Study Example 501). For instance, the design of the exhibition played on the disparity between dark and bright spots, with some works hanging in openings to produce a sensory experience. The sensory experience was the true identification of the kinetic art since its mixed light, energy and movement in one perspective. The experiment also had a revolving mirrored discs and simple apparatus with small unsteady motors operating at different speeds to reflect and project light into the space. The notion was to play with the audiences’ perception and attract their concentration in the hall (Ruhrberg & Walther 2000, p. 501). As a result, the light’s movement over the setting and the audiences’ motion in reaction to them generated the work of art. To achieve the light and movement result, the arrangement had to be in a dark hall where light is perceived as both image and refraction. The significance of this research is that it led to the discovery of modern light and movement art works in architecture (Grabes 2008, p. 33). For instance, the designs of voids in buildings use concepts by Le Parc’s experiments to produce adequate lighting in houses. This art was about light and vibration of objects using optoelectronic properties. It concerned the use of light in different materials to illustrate space and movement frequency ranges. This work of art had simple elements adjusted in various ranges to show the light movements around the wall. A notable application of this project is used in Toyko museum where light movements were replicated in enclosed places. It was first exhibited in the French museum during an art show where light movement was put against mirrors (Herzog & Le Parc 2005, p. 58). This finding showed that light movement can actually operate under the influence of spectators within the environment. It also had discs that reflected the light during vibration from the surrounding systems. This was produced by putting a box in the middle of projects, which were

Visit the Jurassic Quest Exhibit and Report of geology Essay

Visit the Jurassic Quest Exhibit and Report of geology - Essay Example Some of the dinosaurs in the exhibit seem a life with sounds and movement. These are labelled moving Dinosaurs. By the touch of a button one is able to control the movement of a variety of the animatronics dinosaurs (Andrew, 68). Such event makes visitors happy due to the fact that they allow them to learn while controlling their movement, the breathing and more produce sound such as roaring. More interesting one can control their heads, arms, and tails as it comprises of different buttons that match to different body parts. I realized that no matter the age was fun not found in museums. Alongside animatronics dinosaurs that have movement capability, there is static one that is at a standstill. These are labelled Museum quality dinosaurs. These static dinosaur replicas are of museum quality which is automatically balanced to depict the palaeontologist recognized findings. These dinosaurs are well positioned in the exhibit so that people are able to touch and feel them. This activity is highly supported as it is what brought about the different discoveries on dinosaurs. In addition to the exhibition part, is a realistic scene shown by the use of digital screens. This assists in the learning of different features of the dinosaurs. Every scene stands for dinosaurs from a given time period that best shows when the dinosaur was in existence. One gets involved into the scenes by the use of sounds, sight, and motion by use of extraordinary sounds effects, lighting, animatronics and fog. In it an environment, taking one back when dinosaurs were in existence is exhibited with backdrops, rocks, flooring and plant materials. There were different dinosaur exhibits available for viewing. These included Gigantoraptor, Sinosauropteryx and T.rex juvenile, Eoraptor a bird like creature, Jobaria a 22 meters long necked plant eater, a seven meter plant eater

Discourse analysis of three TVC's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discourse analysis of three TVC's - Essay Example Social Analysis: The targeted audience of the advertisement are women most preferably women who are guardians of elementary school children. The appeal of the advertisement is emotional appeal that is directed in a personal and social manner. This means that if mothers will buy the product then they will not have to be worried about the children being limit their choices of activities. They can be free to make their clothes messy if they are taking art classes or playing football because children learn outside more than at home. The evidence that has been provided through the advertisement is the intellectual growth among children as the kids design a model of a space shuttle. The advertisement has given out a value of allowing children to experience their own desires and dreams which can be done if parents allow them to take a chance instead of telling them to be fearful about the end results. The ad has been designed with kids in an external setting where the vision has been enhanc es by usage of sharp colors (AdsNTrailers n.d.). ... The advertisement tells the stories of children who are creative and considered as immature enough to have their own expressions. The advertisement has a clear impact on the social behavior telling members to be supportive with children. The ad promotes working class lifestyle as a hard working way of living (AdsNTrailers n.d.). Berkeley Heating and Air Conditioning Commercial Linguistic Analysis: The information given in the ad is in the form of news telling the customers to save money as they get new Berkeley heating and Air conditioning product. The symbols and word which have been used in the advertisement would be a dollar note that has been shown to drop from the conditioning devices. The relationship between the product and the buyers would be of working together as a unit and save money ( BerkeleyHeating 2011). Social Analysis: The targeted audiences of the advertisement are working class who are employed and are earning bread and butter for the family. The appeal of the adve rtisement is of price which means that the product must be bought for the lowered price. The evidence that has been shown in the advertisement for such an appeal is the dollar note falling from the device which shows that the savings are assured if consumer buys Berkeley cooling and heating devices. The value the advertisement promotes is the hard work through which working class goes to earn bread and butter. The ad has been designed in a way that it shows common people involved in a daily routine activity ad are provided with lowest rates ( BerkeleyHeating 2011). Cultural Analysis: The silent messages found in the advertisements include usage of cooling and heating devices in every home even in the bathrooms. This is the linkage to the lifestyle that this ad has presented to have

The necessity of human resource management Essay

The necessity of human resource management - Essay Example It helps in determination of objectives. No organization can succeed in its mission unless its objectives an identified and well denied. Management helps in achieving these objectives by the efficient use of resources. "Management is the art of getting things done through other people. Management is the dynamic, life-giving element in every business. Without it the resources of production remain resources and never become production." (Sharma, 2004) The people working in an organization are a valuable resource whose talents have to be developed and utilized in the best manner possible for the achievements of organizational objectives (Sherlekar, 1999). Meaningful personnel policy is based on the implied understanding that human resource constitutes the essential capital and assets of any business. Without this no business can prosper nor can it survive. The growth and success of the enterprise and the rate of human investment have positive and high correlation. If human investment is adequate and time, money and energy spent in planning, obtaining and developing the human resource are considered as integral part of overall corporate plan and policy, there is no reason why economic investment should not be fruitful (David et al, 2004) Firstly, management is a social process. ... Management is concerned with making such an interaction productive and useful for achieving organizational goals. It is the pervasiveness of the human element that gives management its special character as a social process. Secondly, management is an integrating process. Management is regarded as a process integrating human and other resources to achieve predetermined goals. Managers apply their knowledge and skills to achieve the desired result. For this purpose, it is necessary to create unity of effort or teamwork in the organization. In order to develop team spirit, managers has to synchronies different activities, relate means to ends, and strike an appropriate balance between organizational and individual goals. Thus management is regarded as an integrating process. Thirdly, management is a continuous process Management is an ongoing continuous process. It involves continuous handling of problems and issues. Management constantly identifies the problems and tries to solve them (Sherlekar, 1999). 4.0 Staffing Staffing may be defined as the process involved in identifying, assessing, planning, evaluating and developing individuals at work. The managerial function of staffing involves manning the organizational structure through the proper and effective selection, appraisal and development of personnel to fill the roles designed into the structure. 4.1 Phases in Staffing Process 4.1.1 Manpower Planning Manpower planning may be regarded, as a process of determining quantitative and qualitative needs in relation to manpower in an organization. It may be expressed as a process by which the management ensures the right number of people and right kind of people, at the right place, at the right time

Artificial Intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example In this scenario, our capacity to merge knowledge from all these areas will eventually promote our progress in the pursuit of making an AI creature (Champandard) and (Russell and Norvig). This paper presents a detailed overview of artificial intelligence. This paper will also discuss various concepts that are associated with artificial intelligence. Background of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is the aspect of computer science which focuses on developing diverse machines that can carry out activities which people can think. Additionally, the idea to build intelligent machines has conspired individuals since earliest times and nowadays with the arrival of the computer technology along with fifty years of comprehensive study into artificial intelligence practices of programming, the vision of elegant and intelligent machines is turning out to be a certainty. ... Moreover, according to various researchers, AI has gone beyond far away from its preliminary derivation. In this scenario, the initial stages of artificial intelligence have gone reverse earlier than electronics field to mathematics as well as thinkers like that Boole and others who have been speculating the principles that were used as the foundation of the logic of artificial intelligence. Historically, the idea of artificial intelligence was first used in 1943 with the creation of the computer machine. More than the next 4 decades, regardless of numerous tentative obstructs; artificial intelligence has developed from several investigators, to thousands of diverse engineers as well as a lot of capacity building experts (ThinkQuest) and (Champandard). Furthermore, artificial intelligence has forever been on the revolutionary side of computer science technology. In this scenario, higher level languages of computer, as well as computer interfaces and word processing owe their continua tion to the study into AI. In addition, the hypothesis and perception produced by artificial intelligence research will put the development in the prospect of computer field. Moreover, a lot of products accessible nowadays are just bits and portions of what are presently to pursue, however they are considered as a progress in the direction of the upcoming era of AI. The developments in the pursuit intended for AI have, and will persist to influence our business processes, lives, education and other fields of life extensively (ThinkQuest) and (Champandard). History of Artificial Intelligence The development of AI myths can be drawn back to early Egypt, however with the creation of the electronic computer during the year 1941; the

Impact of technolgy on social relationship Essay

Impact of technolgy on social relationship - Essay Example Technology has helped develop the social relationships in the time and age of today. This has been apparent with the recent advancements that have been made on the world of Internet, the propagation of the mobile technology and other mediums. What has happened in essence is the culmination of a number of forces, all of which come under the aegis of technology to bring success towards the realms of the people, which has essentially turned the tide their way. One must understand that technology is indeed for the betterment of the people at large and this is a great way to bring them together on a single platform – a zone from where they can exploit the best out of their strengths and the potential opportunities. This paper discusses the significant pointers related with the role of technology playing its due role within the building up of social relationships. The argument has been raised and the points have been stated for clarity and comprehension. The impact of technology on social relationships is such that it poses as a huge risk on the flip side of the coin. If this technological basis falls down, there would be immense problems for the stakeholders, who would receive utmost at the hands of the ones who are the movers and shakers of these technological ranks. The social relationships are bring documented and expanded upon by the different platforms which are available under its fold – like the social networking websites which include Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and so on (Dickson, 2000). These Internet-based social networking websites and software help the people to remain connected in a number of different ways. They interact and communicate with one another through commenting on statuses, putting up unique statements, posting pictures, sharing workspaces and so on. What this does is to bring together a collective vision – a vision that helps the people to grow and manifest their truest basis in the long run. They come to know a great d eal about each other, find out about how they live their lives, and basically come in close contact with one another. The social relationships are such that technology brings about the very best in them. The technological domains link up the people in a number of ways because they enclose within them the respective areas of social growth and development through the different manifestations of the society. There is a dire need to understand that social relationships would continue to rule the roost in the times to come and technological linkages would only boost up the same in the future. The social relationships usually come into the consideration when the people feel that they are hard done by on the time notion. They lag behind in the race to meet deadlines, and the best possible route to attain contacts with one another is through the use of the technology. This is made possible by social networking tools like Facebook, Twitter and so on, as well as instant messaging software lik e MSN, Yahoo!, ICQ and others. In essence, there is a great amount of interaction that is taking place on a round the clock basis, which has been witnessed within the related domains (Mosley, 2011). The impact of technology is such that the social relationships can only bolster the ties amongst the people and make them stay connected for days, months and years. There is no set time limit for them and this is remarked as a definitive positive without any doubt. What is most important is to understand that the use of technology does not hamper in the building up of their collective vision, and that they get to know quite a good deal about the happenings taking place on a global level (Ahmed, 2011). This and many other facets are quintessential towards comprehending the domains of the social relationships that have been taking place over a period of time now. The world of Internet has only facilitated in this entire process. What it has however done is to bridge the gaps that have exis ted amongst the different generations

Provide a critical analysis of theory in relation to ONE of the topics Essay

Provide a critical analysis of theory in relation to ONE of the topics below and discuss how this could be relevant to Social Work. Internal working model, Internal conflict, Trauma, Loss and transition - Essay Example y in order to enhance the understanding of the attachment theory and related concepts with the contemporary and evolutionary physiological theories and how these models influence the social work. Internal working model illustrates the process through which a human being attaches himself with the fellow beings and how attachment mindset come into play while interaction among human beings. An internal working model not only depicts the dynamics of adult relationship but also elucidate the way an infant perceives the society and his surroundings. According to internal working model, every human being develops a working model for this world based on his first hand experiences and what he perceives about the dynamics of different happenings around him (Holmes, 2012). If his key experiences are positive then he will build an affirmative model inside his mind about this world but in the case if otherwise then there will be negative working model and he will perceive the overall world to be on the course of negative side collectively. For example, a new born baby perceives the world to be safe and secure because he experience the same in the form of extensive care from his parents a nd love of his fellows. The internal working model of a child will be developed on some attachment process which will lay the foundation of a permanent perception. But the same internal working model of infant will be different altogether if the behavior of his parents will be harsh and rude (healingpartnerships,1988) The attachment theory which lays the basis of internal working model rationalizes its stance of the fact that human beings constitute close emotional bonds in the interest of survival. The human beings want to live in healthy and peaceful surroundings so they want to perceive the world to be a secure place when they are infants (McCluskey & Hooper, 2000). But the attachment theory changes its course with the passage of time. Famous British psychologist of the 20th century, John

Additional Retained Firefighters Essay Example for Free

Additional Retained Firefighters Essay Firefighters are rescuers extensively trained in firefighting, primarily to extinguish hazardous fires that threaten property and civilian or natural populations and to rescue people from dangerous situations, like as collapsed or burning buildings The complexity of modern industrialized life with a greater prominence of hazards has created an increase in the skills needed in firefighting technology and a broadening of the firefighter-rescuers remit. They sometimes provide emergency medical services, for example. The fire service, or fire and rescue service, also known in some countries as the fire brigade or fire department, is one of the main emergency services. Firefighting and firefighters have become ubiquitous around the world, from wildland areas to urban areas, and aboard ships. According to Merriam-Websters Dictionary, the English word firefighter has been used since 1903. 1] In recent decades it has become the preferred term, replacing the older fireman, since many women serve as firefighters, and also because the term fireman can have other meanings, including someone who sets or stokes fires – the opposite of the firefighting role. [2] In many countries, firefighters may be employed as full-time workers and paid a salary. See more:Â  The 3 Types of Satire Essay Additionally, there are volunteer firefighters (who are theoretically unpaid) and retained firefighters (or auxiliary firefighters, who are paid for the specific time they are on duty, i. . permanent part-time career firefighters) on call as required. [3] In such countries as the United Kingdom, the use of additional retained firefighters is standard. In Portugal, for example, the use of volunteer firefighters is standard, along with career firefighters. In Australia there are volunteer brigades which are mostly unpaid rural services, although traditionally they are paid by their employers if called out during usual working hours.

Dorothy Smith Essay Example for Free

Dorothy Smith Essay Dorothy Smith was born in North England in 1929. At a young age she did various jobs as a secretary before realizing that she needed to study in order to get a well paying job. In the early 1950’s she studied at the London School of Economics where she specialized in sociology. In 1955 Dorothy moved to the University of Berkeley where she got her doctorate. (Gardiner 180). While at Berkeley, she was exposed to sociological thinkers like Mead, Irving Goffman and Merleau. For two decades up from 1950, Dorothy was involved in many leftist organizations and attended various anti war demonstrations. She divorced her husband when her second son was nine months and faced many difficulties and challenges raising them. (classiques. uqac. ca). During her times, there was an outright gender discrimination against women. She sought the Marxist ideologies to explain the on goings and she clearly realized the differences in power on the lines of gender in the society. To her, males dominated the most important sectors like education, politics, medical as well as the economic field. This way, the female gender was marginalized and their interests and aspirations suppressed. (Gardiner 180). Dorothy graduated in 1963 after which she went into teaching in Berkeley, Essex and British Columbia. She continued with her institutional ethnographic studies after her retirement. As one of the renowned feminists, Dorothy argued that the society was male dominated, with the laws and the existing legal structures being highly patriarchal. Her research therefore focused on how men who had the power in economic terms dominated women. She also argued that even the religion was male dominated and the women were the ‘dormant gender’ whose voices were rarely heard. (Gardiner 180). To her, the domination was so severe that some women would end up using male figures. For instance, a female author would use a male name probably to attract an audience. The male dominance had been made universal and it appeared as if the women’s fate had been sealed. In education, women were denied formal education as well as positions; an example is in medicine where the society accepted male dominance as universal. Again, those seeking education in the male dominated schools would be influenced by the system. Most references in the schools portrayed male as the dominant gender and the female related studies were poorly funded or dismissed as of less importance. (classiques. uqac. ca). Institutional ethnography was a form of sociological inquiry introduced by Smith to explain how social relations influenced people’s everyday lives. The sociology for the people encompassed all people in the society and tried to establish the contradictions between people’s experiences in their every day lives as well as the way their social relations were organized. (Smith 1-6). Their approach differed from other theories in the sense that it placed more emphasis on people’s experiences rather than the predetermined social relations in the society. To illustrate her theory, she carried out various researches like the effect of single mothers and schooling of their children as well as alienation of middle class managers and the role their wives played. Smith and a colleague in the teaching career, Alison, researched on single parents and their effect on the education of their children. This â€Å"research focused on the socially organized processes which structured some families as different in the schooling environment. †(Smith129). Single parenthood was deemed as a social problem. Such parents were viewed as ineffective especially in bringing up children due to the purported negative influences on the children’s emotional development as well as their long term behaviors (Smith 130). Dorothy and Alison critically analyzed the existing literature on single parents. They established that most of what was depicted in the media was very different from what was happening on the ground. The media was a reflection of the works of some professionals such as teachers, administrators as well as social workers but it had an overall effect on the society. (Smith 137). Their research clearly explained the variances between what is depicted in the media (literature) and what actually happens. In her article, women, the family and the corporate capitalism, Dorothy tried to establish the alienation of a middle class manager and the role played by his wife to reinforce the man’s alienation. To Smith, the middle class manager was different from the working class man whose alienation was more to the ownership of the means of production as opposed to the woman who was a ‘personal service to him’. Smith established that when the man ceased to provide for his family the relationship changed, a clear indication that male dominance is highly correlated to the economic dependence which is an external force as neither of them has control over it. To Smith, â€Å"monopoly or the corporate capitalism alienated both the men and women of the middle classes while eliminating the socio economic basis for an autonomous selfhood for women†. (Sydie Adams 560). To Dorothy, there was a general consent of how laws, courts and welfare agencies helped enforce certain understandings of how the entire world was expected to work. The prevailing understanding seemed to favor men at the expense of women and there was a general association of women and child bearing. Dorothy made a major contribution to sociology as it is today. In her new sociological inquiry, she advocated that researchers be on the same critical plane as the subject of the research. Here, researchers were to look deeper rather than just the objects of the research if their research was to be effective. Conducting research in the traditional way would not reveal how the object was constructed or what it consisted of when relating it to the social relations that affected peoples every day lives. Although women problems demanded for a sociological explanation as their experiences created problems, their experiences alone would not suffice to offer solutions. Their experiences would be as a result of the social, political as well as the economic organization. Dorothy’s work made sociologists especially the researcher focus on the factors that influence people before making final conclusions as people’s experiences alone would be effectively addressed by monitoring their social relations in everyday activities. To Denise and Cheryl, in their extinguished book nursing research, Dorothy Smith’s ‘institutional ethnography’ has been applied in various fields such as nursing, social work, and community health as well as in the study of professional services. It focuses on the social organization as well as the institutional work processes and consequently the outcome of the research plays a significant role in the establishment of organizational changes as the real problems are established. (Polit Beck 227). Like other feminist theorists, Dorothy posits that sociology as well as other social science disciplines was constructed by males in the highly patriarchal society. To resolve women problems would therefore only be successful if the female stand point was considered. Smith used the Marxism approach and highlighted the aspect of alienation, capitalism as well as the economic aspects in the society. To her, there was need to focus more on the alienated in the society, these being women as well as other groups who were oppressed. (uregina. ca). To Dorothy, there was a need to research more on people’s experiences as well as situations as what was present in the prevailing literature was inaccurate in explaining their actual fate. As Johnson in ‘contemporary sociology theory’ noted, Dorothy Smith’s ideologies could differ from those of other feminist theorists. Some feminists unlike Dorothy tried to show how variations on the lines of racial or class backgrounds as well as sexual orientation intersected with gender bringing about different experiences across the various categories of women. This is to say that other feminists considered other factors and their role in influencing the plight of women rather than focusing strictly on male dominance in addressing the problems of women. Location was also another issue considered as it was clearly established that women from different regions say the developed world would experience different issues or problems as opposed to those in the less developed countries. The contemporary sociologists will therefore incorporate such variations in their studies. (Johnson 432-3) Major concerns that can be raised against Dorothy’s work are the overemphasis on the male dominance in the society. The queries here are that sociology is not always related with the ruling or power games in the society. (uregina. ca). Her argument that sociology as well as other social sciences had been established by man, the dominant gender in the society, is therefore untrue as in most cases sociology seeks to establish the social problems in the society, an example being the plight of immigrants as well as the poor in society. Dorothy emphasized on every day experiences or situations in relation to the social relations that one had. Critics would argue that she underestimated the inner self or being of people which also has a role to play in influencing who they are. She also failed to explain the role played by other groups in the society and only focused on male and their dominance. (uregina. ca). Works Cited: Adams Bert N and Sydie Rosalind Ann. Sociological Theory. Pine Forge Press, 2001 Dorothy E. Smith. retrieved on 29th April from http://classiques. uqac. ca/contemporains/smith_dorothy/smith_dorothy_photo/smith_dorothy_photo. html Feminist Standpoint Theory – Dorothy Smith. Retrieved on 29th April from http://uregina. ca/~gingrich/319m2206. htm. Gardiner Michael. Critiques of everyday life. Routledge Publishers. 2000 Polit Denise F and Beck Cheryl Tatano. Nursing research: principles and methods. Lippincott Williams Wilkins Publishers. 2003 Smith Dorothy E. Institutional ethnography as practice. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. 2006

Impact of E-business on the Economy

Impact of E-business on the Economy The Impact of E-business on the Economy Introduction Electronic business also known as E-business is the conduct of business on the internet and other computer networks, not only does it involve buying and selling of products but also customer servicing and collaboration with business partners. In recent years, e-business has developed rapidly and the e-purchasing is becoming more popular over the world. Electronic business (e-business) is a general concept covering any form of business transaction or information exchange executed using information and communication technologies (Whiteley, 2000). E-business may take place between firms (B2B), between firms and their customers (B2C), or between firms and the government (B2G). According to Whiteley (2000), e-business operations can be grouped into three categories; Electronic categories, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Internet business. E-business has been recognized as an important contributor in the economy of many countries. In the emerging global economy, e-business has increasingly become a very important and a necessary component of business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development. This report will be analysising the impact of e-business on the economy (EU) and the importance of e-business, stating the critical issues and challenges involved in e-business. Impact of E-business on business organisations To assess the economic impact of e-business in an organisation, I will concentrate on the important sectors in the European union which are the Retail industry, Banking industry and the Travel and tourism industry. Retail sector Retailing is one of the most important industry sector in the world, with no exception of the EU. In 2004 the EU retail sector, the industry comprised of approximately 17 million firms that employed people in the EU27 (e-business watch 2007) In the retail sector, e-business has had great impact on the value chain. It has made a great difference in terms of shelf life of products and stock rotation time. It also highlighted the relevance of inter-business exchanges. In fact, retailers, beside their relationship with suppliers and consumers, have significant impact on intercompany exchanges through CEDI (centre of distribution). In essence, retail companies will want to rationalize and reduce costs of supply and management of the supply chain, starting with purchasing cost. They will also want to differentiate their own offers from the competitors, exploiting customer relation management techniques as to communication, sales and customers loyalty (e-business Watch 2000). The UK figures released by the Office of National Statistics in February 2009 showed that internet retail sales, as a percentage of total retail sales, rose by 13.2% (average weekly value of  £167 million). These figures closely match figures released by the IMRG/Capgemini Sales Index which showed that the e-business retail market rose by 17% in July compared to July 2008, this increase has been driven by the clothing, accessories and electrical goods online retail sales. Banking Industry The introduction of E-business (ICT) in the European banking system has had a significant impact on banks operating system and their operations within physical branches. The most important form of e-business used by banks is the online banking which has help cut down cost. E-business has enabled banks to redefine their boundaries and also gained competitive advantage through it. Internet banking is nowadays supported by advanced ICT solutions which enable most everyday banking services to be conducted online (www.ebusiness-watch.org). Studies also shows productivity growth rose in the EU from year 2000 onwards, while average working hours per employee has decreased subsequently, this study tells use e-business investment is largely substituting labour particularly in retail banking. Travel and tourism Industry In the last few years travel pattern has changed in the EU. The travel sector in the EU is so large that even a small share of it produces a major online market. Taking the internet for example, it has had a very high impact on the air travel industry. It can provide a direct connection between airlines and customers without the need to use travel agents or Computer Reservation Systems (CRS), thereby leading to cost savings in the distribution of air tickets (Law and Leug, 2000) the internet has become very extensive in the travel industries and its impact has been particularly significant on the distribution channel for air travels and the use of the Internet for searching and purchasing airline tickets has become common in travel markets. The introduction of e-business to the airline industry has enabled most travellers to bypass travel agents alltogether, with most agreeingthat the most current air market will shift form traditional travel agents to internet based agents like www. opodo.com. Recent studies shows that firms that have reinforced their e-business strategy in the airline industry has had an increase in sales volume for airlines website. The internet has contributed strongly to the growth of most budget airlines taking easy jet as an example. Easy jet has never used the travel agent network, they rely on the internet because all their flights are booked online by customers. (Journal of Air Transport Management Volume 12, Issue 5, September 2006, Pages 253-260) Impact of E-Business on the economy Over the past decades e-business has helped and provided various methods in which buyers and sellers can transact In the decades to come, exploiting the full potential of developments could have profound impacts in individual sectors of the economy as well as for macroeconomic performance and economic policies. At the aggregate level, productivity and economic growth could rise, at least for some time, as a result of more efficient management of supply and distribution, lower transaction costs, low barriers to entry and improved access to information. In the business-to-business context, higher efficiency can be gained from B2B e-commerce and B2B exchanges via lower procurement cost and better supply chain management. Many companies claim that putting their supply chains online has led, or will lead, to major cost savings. According to Goldman Sachs (2000) study these gains range from between 2 and 40 percent of total input cost depending on the industry which may subsequently reduce the price in the overall economy.

The Study of Existents in Sandpiper Essays -- Ahdaf Soueif Sandpiper I

The Study of Existents in Sandpiper In a short story like "Sandpiper", where the protagonist does little except move around in her beach-house in an uneventful afternoon, thinking her thoughts, readers must look for an attraction alternative to the plot. Indeed, the writer, Ahdaf Soueif, has chosen to offer to us an interesting array of existents, in place of the story line, as the main focus of this narrative. In the following essay, I shall discuss how existents--the collection of characters and setting--are used to invoke feelings of dispossession and displacement in the story "Sandpiper", which are essential in raising the main issue of the story, which is the question of one's identity. Having agreed that the event itself, a summer afternoon spent at a beach-house, is rather inconsequential, we go on to deduce that the actions of our characters, since they do not contribute to the plot, are actually reflections of their personality. This is what French structuralist, Tzvetan Todorov proposed as a characteristic of psychological narratives, narratives which place their main focus on the development of their characters (Chatman 114). We can therefore, identify distinctive traits belonging to the characters by observing their actions. The characters in this narrative are few: namely the protagonist, "I"; her estranged husband (she refers to him as "her lover"); her daughter, Lucy and her husband's old nanny, Um Sabir. Since it is only the protagonist that appears most often and to whom the readers interact directly, I shall focus most of my discussion based on her development . Our protagonist, "I," can be further differentiated into the narrator, I-now and the character, I-then. I-now is the present figure that has ... ...his narrative is such that we follow the chain of thoughts of our protagonist "I" as she considers the repercussions of her broken marriage. Since we only interact directly with her, we become persuaded to take her point of view, thus her problem becomes our problem too. In its effective use of character, by focusing the essay on one specific character and endowing her with specific traits relevant to bring out the issues concerned and by setting up the story in an environment that can both draw responses from the protagonist as well as clearly portray her feelings to us, "Sandpiper" has successfully raised the question on one's identity. Works Cited Soueif, Ahdaf. "Sandpiper". Sandpiper. London: Bloomsbury, 1997: 23 - 36. Chatman, Seymour. "Existents". Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1978: 107 - 145.

Narrative Frames and Ambiguity in Henry James The Turn of The Screw Es

Narrative "frames" and Ambiguity in The Turn of The Screw   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since it was written, Henry James' The Turn of The Screw has been acclaimed by numerous critics to be one of the most immaculate, engrossing and terrifying ghost stories ever produced. Harriet Waters Preston described it as, "a sheer mortal horror, like the evil dream of a man under the spell of a deadly drug"1, and Gertrude Atherton said, "[it] is the most horrifying ghost story ever written!"2 I will argue that it is the narrative frames enclosing The Turn of The Screw that are largely responsible for the reception the book has received. They serve two main purposes; one, to build up an element of suspense and tension before the governess's account actually begins, thus heightening the potential for horror and terror in the text; and two, to cast uncertainty on the reliability of the narrators and hence to increase the ambiguity and scope for interpretation of the text. In fact, I will argue that these frames do not assist the reader in interpreting the action, but are actually used by James to deliberately confound the reader and foster an ambiguous atmosphere. At first glance there appear to be three narrative frames surrounding the governess' account. At the outermost level we have the voice of the narrator. The narrator tells us of a time when they were one of several guests staying at the abode of a character named "Griffin". Whilst there, the narrator heard the governess's tale, as told by Douglas over a period of several nights. Although the narrator was not at Bly, nor did they take any part in the tale of the governess, it is the narrator's retelling of this story that the reader receives. Within this is the reading by Douglas, who ... ...: Macmillan, 1968). Troy, William, "The Altar of Henry James" in Tanner, Tony, ed., Henry James Modern Judgements (London: Macmillan, 1968). Endnotes 1 Gard, Roger, ed., Henry James The Critical Heritage (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968), pp. 333. 2 Ibid, pp. 361. 3 Sheppard, E. A., Henry James and The Turn of the Screw (Suffolk: Oxford University Press, 1974), pp. 17. 4 James, Henry, "The Turn of the Screw" in Hampl, Patricia, ed., The Houghton Mifflin Anthology of Short Fiction (Boston: Hougton Mifflin Company, 1989), pp. 617. 5 Ibid, pp 617. 6 Ibid, pp. 617. 7 Ibid, pp. 620. 8 Gard, pp. 275. 9 Hosking, Rick, lecture for English 1A: ENGL 1003, Flinders University, 12th March 1996. 10 Tanner, Tony, ed., Henry James Modern Judgements (London: Macmillan, 1968), pp. 33. 11 Sheppard, pp. 15. 12 Ibid, pp. 15.

What Life Is :: essays research papers

Life is very funny. Many people think of it as a game that must be played to the end or some may think of it as a journey in search of something. I’m one of those that think of it as†¦. neither. I think of it as a gift. This gift that God has bestowed upon us. This gift in which WE have total control. We control where we go, what we do, whom we talk to, and what we feel. The one flaw in this gift is that others and ourselves can turn this gift, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦into a punishment. God gave us this gift for a reason. A reason which some of us must all find out ourselves. Is it to gain something, to feel something, or to just live? We all NEED something. Buddhists believe in reaching a stage in our lives called nirvana, the state at which a soul desires nothing. To me, it is impossible to not want ONE thing, throughout your life. Things that we want do not have to be material objects such as money, clothing, or anything like that. Certain souls want or need one thing. When souls never receive this ONE thing, they are destroyed and go throughout their lives feeling punished and lifeless. Why would God give us this gift if he knew that we would get this feeling? So that we could feel so punished? I myself don’t know the answer to this mystery. I know one thing though. I know that everyone NEEDS this one thing to have a complete life. This one thing is love. Love, an emotion that cannot be defined by any dictionary or human being. Few even know what this emotion means or how it feels. This emotion has its many weaknesses. I often wish God didn’t make it so. Sometimes those who give out love often don’t receive that love back, which makes one feel, well, distraught. Especially if that one soul NEEDS that love back from another. It may be a family member, a friend, or a soul, which you feel, spiritually connected to. Everyone needs love. Without it, there is no point in life. What will your ultimate goal in life be? To gain riches? To become powerful? No, God didn’t put us here for that. When we die riches and power wont matter. I think God must have felt something, somehow, somewhere, and felt like sharing it with us.

Project Report on Kmf, Dharwad by Samarth

2. INDUSTRY PROFILE 2. 1 INTRODUCTION DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA Dairy enterprise is an important occupation of farmer. In India nearly 70% of the people depend on agriculture. It is the backbone of India. Dairy is linked with agriculture industry to a large extent. Animal husbandry in India is an essential part of agriculture. It is mainly a rural occupation closely associated with agriculture. 2. 1. 1 DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA During the Pre-independence year there was no serious stress given to dairy industry.In 1886 the Department of Defense of the British Government established the dairy farms for the supply of milk to the British troops in Allahabad. Later, in 1920 serious steps were taken by Mr. William Smith, an expert in dairy forming to improve the milk production There was discrimination done to the Indians hence this led to the rise of the first milk union in India. In Lucknow in 1937 called the Lucknow milk producer’s Co-operative union Ltd. In 1946 AMUL (Anand Milk Udyog Ltd) was started in Gujarat to bring up the economic stability of villagers.When the farmer Prime Minister Lal Bahaddur Shastri visited the functioning as it was rendering a social service to the society, which helped the villagers to come in the national economic stream. The dairy and Animal Husbandry received serious attention after the independence. There were lots many of progressive steps taken by the government through five year plans. This led to the formation of National Dairy Development Board in 1965 & thus in 1970 he decided to Bring a â€Å" White Revolution† throughout the country, Initially 10 states were selected were for this purpose excluding Karnataka.In Karnataka in 1974 an integrated project was launched to restructure and reorganize the dairy industry on Co-operative principle of AMUL and to lay foundation for new direction in dairy industry. INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE India's high-value, high-volume market for traditional dairy prod ucts and delicacies is all set to boom further under the technology of mass production. This market is the largest in value after liquid milk and is estimated at US $3 billion in India. More and more dairy plants in the public, cooperative and private sectors in India are going in for the manufacture of traditional milk products.This trend will undoubtedly give a further stimulus to the milk consumption in the country and ensure a better price to primary milk producers. Simultaneously, it will also help to productively utilize India's growing milk surplus. Milk production in India increased from 17 million tons in 1950-51 to 89. 6 million tons in 2007-08. India has rapidly positioned itself as the world's largest producer of milk. Producing milk in rural areas through smallholder producer cooperatives and moving industrially-processed milk from these smallholder sources to urban demand centers became the cornerstone of government dairy development policy.This policy initiative gave a boost to dairy development and initiated the process of establishing the much-needed linkages between rural producers and urban consumers. The performance of the Indian dairy sector during the past three decades has been truly impressive. Milk production grew at an average annual rate of 4. 6 percent during the 1970s, 5. 7 percent during the 1980s, and 4. 2 percent during the 1990s. Despite its being the largest milk producer in the world, India's per capita availability of milk is one of the lowest in the world, although it is high by developing country standards.The per capital availability of milk expanded substantially during the 1980s and 1990s and reached about 226 grams per day in 2003-04 the per capita consumption of milk and milk products in India is among the highest in Asia, but it is still growing. It is still below the world average of 285 grams per day, and also the minimum nutritional requirement of 280 grams per day as recommended by the Indian Council of Medical R esearch (ICMR). Several factors have contributed to increased milk production. First, milk and dairy products have cultural significance in the Indian diet.A large portion of the population is lacto-vegetarian, so milk and dairy products are an important source of protein in the diet. The demand for milk and dairy products is income-responsive, and growth in per capita income is expected to increase demand for milk and milk products. Despite the fact that dairy production in India is widespread throughout the country and overwhelmingly carried out by small-scale producers, there are still large interregional and interstate variations in milk production.Roughly two-thirds of national milk production comes from the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Haryana. However, there have been some shifts in milk production shares of different states. In 2001-02, Uttar Pradesh was the largest milk producer in the country, with ab out 16. 5 million tons of milk, followed by Punjab (8. 4 million tons), Rajasthan (6. 3 million tons), Madhya Pradesh (6. 1 million tons), Maharashtra (6 million tons), and Gujarat (5. 6 million tons).The eastern region is lagging behind in terms of dairy development, and imports milk from surplus areas in the West and North. 2. 1. 2 INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE The annual milk production is presently 92 million tones, contributing around Rs. 1000 billion to the GDP. Provides assured and remunerative employment round-the-year to 60 million families. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, quality food, energy, fertilizer and assets in over majority of the rural households in India.The Animal Husbandry is the single largest contributor under the agriculture sector which provides a remunerative employment round the year at a very small investment. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, quality food, energy, fertilizer and assets in over majority of the rural households in India. These livestock keepers are constrained by poor animal health and veterinary services, lack of feed and fodder, water, milk handling, chilling, etc. Besides, there has been lack of infrastructure facilities such as good roads and access to markets, etc.The livestock keepers also lack access to advanced technologies as well as proper institutional support system. The result is that both the production and productivity remain well below its potentials. Thus the losses and wastages continue to remain high. Adapted breeds and local feed resources although available, but need proven technology supports in its preservation and processing. Such support would substantially improve production and productivity, which would result in higher income for the livestock keepers.One of the problems faced by India is unemployment, despite the rapid growth rate. The problem is more acute in rural educated and marginally educated youths, who have no alternative but to migrate to urban areas. Due to automation in various core sectors, the employment opportunities have dwindled considerably whereas the service sector has its own limitations, especially the high investment cost per job created. In this context, the dairy industry offers a plausible opportunity of creation of self-employment with minimum investment.There is a scope for doubling the present milk production, which can be achieved with marginal investment, such a step would not only enhance milk production and productivity, but also would create millions of additional jobs. Dairying is, in fact, a supplementary activity of the marginal farmers and the landless laborers. It is therefore suggested that dairy and such other animal farming be included within the legal framework of ‘agriculture and agriculture products’. This would enable the marginal farmers and the landless agriculture laborers to b enefit from the various government incentives.Milk is no more a luxury, but essential nutritional requirements of human being. The children largely depend on milk for nutrition. Higher milk production therefore will also increase the health status of the farmers and people at large. Due to several inherent reasons, the cost of milk production is high. One of the important reasons is low animal productivity. Because of high cost, the milk and milk products are not affordable to poor strata of the society. Milk is a perishable commodity. Hence, its conversion to products, such as, milk powder, butter and cheese, etc. s necessary. Considering these factors, it is reasonable that at par with agriculture produce, the milk products be also exempted from any excise duty, sales tax and such other taxes. This gesture of the government would go a long way in accelerating the growth of the Indian dairy industry from present annual rate of around 4. 5 % to more than 9%. The conversion of excess milk to milk-products is a necessity. The basic principle here is evaporation of water which changes its physical form only, whereas there is no change whatsoever in its chemical composition.One of the reasons of higher cost of milk and milk products is the cost of packaging. To safeguard the quality and safety for human consumption, packaging of milk and milk product is necessary. The milk product manufacturing therefore should be construed as ‘processing milk for preservation’ and it should be exempted from all the taxes and duties like excise, central sales tax and octroi etc. To enhance milk production during the next five years as well as to address the issues referred in the foregoing sentences, there is an imperative need of policy support from the government on the following core areas ?Clean and quality milk production, processing and packaging ? Boost the exports of milk and milk products ? Enhance milk production and mulch animal productivity   2. 1. 3 Ind ian Dairy: The organized sector is expanding rapidly. India’s modern dairy sector has expanded rapidly. From an insignificant 200,000 liters per day (lpd) of milk being processed in 1951, the organized sector is presently handling some 20 million lpd in over 400 dairy plants. Already, one of the world’s largest liquid milk plants is located in Delhi and handling over 800,000 liters of milk per day (Mother Dairy, Delhi).India's first automated dairy ‘Mother Dairy ‘ has been established at Gandhi agar near Ahmadabad, Gujarat, in Western India and its capacity is capacity is 1 million lpd. It is owned by India’s biggest dairy cooperative group, in Anand, with an annual turnover in excess of Rs 23 billion (US $500 million). Amul-III with its satellite dairies, with total installed capacity of 1. 5 million lpd has also been commissioned. India's first vertical dairy (capacity: 400,000 lpd), owned by the Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation (PCDF) has be en commissioned at Noida, outside DelhiDairy is a place where handling of milk and milk products is done and technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. In India, dairying has been practiced as a rural cottage industry since the remote past. Semi-commercial dairying started with the establishment of military dairy farms and co-operative milk unions throughout the country towards the end of the nineteenth century. The Indian Dairy Industry has made rapid progress since Independence. A large number of modern milk plants and product factories have since been established.These organized dairies have been successfully engaged in the routine commercial production of pasteurized bottled milk and various Western and Indian dairy products. With modern knowledge of the protection of milk during transportation, it became possible to locate dairies where land was less expensive and crops could be grown more economically. 2. 2 DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE †¢ Human population: 953 million (70 million dairy farmers) †¢ Milk production: 74. 3 million tonnes (203. 5 million lpd) †¢ Average annual growth rate (1995-2000): 5. 6% Per capita milk availability: 214 g/day or 78 kg/year †¢ Milk animals: 57 million cows; 39 million buffaloes: †¢ Milk yield per breed able bovine in-milk: 1,250 kg †¢ Cattle feed production (organized sector): 1. 5 million tonnes †¢ Turnover of veterinary pharmaceuticals: Rs. 550 crores †¢ Dairy plants throughput: 20 mlpd Specific features of dairy in relation to marketing in developing countries The dairy industry in the developing countries has a number of specific features which distinguish it from the other sectors of agriculture and have particular implications for marketing.First, milk consists of over 85% water, and produced daily. Consequently, high costs of transportation are incurred per unit of output marketed. Also, milk being highly perishable, it needs to be used wit hin a short period or processed and transformed into a more stable, longer-storable form. The quality of milk depends on farm management practices, and milk is potentially subject to adulteration, so strict and comprehensive quality regulations may be necessary when marketing involves more than direct delivery by producers to consumers.Second, the vast majority of the dairy farmers are small-scale producers, who produce milk as a source of regular cash income. Dairy production is a labor-intensive enterprise, and dairy marketing activities often provide substantial employment. However, because of asset fixity (high percentage of fixed costs), dairy enterprises often respond to market changes and incentives in a limited and gradual way. Third, milk can be used to make a wide range of high quality palatable and nutritious products, which often imply substantial value added over the cost of the raw material.When production and consumption points are far apart and demand increase rapidl y, processing of dairy products becomes very important. Fourth, as a consequence of the above features of milk and the market vulnerability of its producers, cooperatives may assume a strong position in milk processing. A survey by the International Dairy Federation in 1984 revealed that in 21 developed countries together accounting for 55% of the world's milk supply, producer cooperatives marketed 86% of total sales of milk from farm to the first handler.In some of these countries, cooperatives also handled 80-90% of the total processing activity. It may be noted that the history of development of dairy cooperatives in these countries are not always similar. However, in most developing countries, dairy producer cooperatives and cooperative processing are either non-existent or very weak. The need for cooperatives in these countries is driven by the need to capture some economies of scale in transportation and processing where numerous small producers are scattered far away from the consumption centers.In many countries, this gap has been filled by establishment of parasitical dairy enterprises for collection and processing of milk to promote domestic dairy. In most cases, these enterprises ended up processing subsidized imported dairy products, neglecting the rural dairy sector. The monopolistic character of these enterprises often led to inefficiency thus they failed to serve the interests of domestic producers and consumers. Weaknesses in physical and marketing links between rural producers and urban processors and consumers are among the major constraints to dairy development in the developing countries.It is important to be aware of and understand how such constraints can be addressed in order to devise mechanisms that can transfer growing urban demand into increased livestock production. Inadequate infrastructure and inefficient marketing may lead to increased transactions costs and/or market failure. By better understanding these costs and identifying t he ways of reducing their impact, policy prescriptions can be made to promote economic development by fostering production and trade. 2. 3 NATIONAL DARIY DEVELOPMENT BOARD: 2. 3. 1 History:The NDDB was founded to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with Modernity, Stagnation with growth, transforming dairy into and instrument for the development of Indian’s rural people. The NDDB was established in 1965; the board is registered under the Societies Registration Act and the public Trust Act, fulfilling the desire of the Prime Minister of India – the late Lal Bahaddur Shastri to extend the success of the Kaira Co-operative Milk producers union (AMUL) TO OTHER PARTS OF India. Dr Vergese Kurien was the founder chairman.The success combined the wisdom & energy of farmers with professional management to successful capture liquid milk and milk product markets while supporting farmer’s investment with inputs and services. In 1969, when the Government of Indi a approved the Operation Flood programme and it’s financing through the monetization of World Food Programme-gifted commodities, it was found that the statutes under which NDDB was registered did not provide for handling of government funds. Therefore, in 1970 the government established a public-sector company, the Indian Dairy Corporation.The IDC was given responsibility for receiving the project’s donated commodities; testing their quality; their storage and transfer to user dairies and receiving the dairy payments. Thus it served as finance-cum-promotion entity while the entire Operation Flood technical support was provided by NDDB. To avoid any duplication in their activities or overlap of functions, the IDC and NDDB were eventually merged into a newly constituted NDDB by an Act of Parliament passed in October 1987. 2. 3. 2 The Growth: NDDB began its operations with the mission of making dairying a vehicle to a better future for millions of gross roots milk produce rs.The mission archived helped to launce ‘’Operation Flood’’, a programmed extending over 26 years and with the help of World Bank Loan India become the world’s largest milk producing country. As per March 2001 India’s 96000 Dairy Co-operative are integrated thorough a three Tier Co-operative structure. The Anand pattern, which is owned by more than 10 million formers, procures an average of 1605 million liters of milk every day. The milk is processed and marketed by 170 milk producers’ co-operative unions which, in turn own 15 state co-operative milk marketing federation.Since its establishment the dairy development board has planned and spearheaded India’s Dairy programmer by placing dairy development in the hands of milk producers and the professionals they employ to manage their co-operatives. In addition, NDDB also promotes other commodity based co-operative, allied industries and veterinary biologically on an intensive and nationwide basis. 2. 3. 3 Objectives of NDDB: ? To sponsor, promote, manage, acquire, construct or control any plant or work, which promote projects of general public utility relation to dairying. To make information available on request to technical services to increase production of Milk. ? To prepare initial feasibility studies of dairying and other dairy related projects and undertake subsequent designing planning and start up those projects. ? To undertake research and development programmed related to production and marketing of milk and milk products. ? To provide assistance for exchange of information to other international agencies. 2. 3. 4 Services rendered by NDDB: †¢ Planning dairy and rural development projects. †¢ Organization of farmer co-operative societies. Setting up of dairy and cattle feed plants. †¢ Manpower planning and training. †¢ Applied research and development. †¢ Implementation of milk production enchantment programmed. 2. 3. 5 O bjectives of the study: The objectives of the study were; 1. To study the overall functioning of the organization with help of organization structure. 2. To know about the milk procurement and processing. 3. To study about the area of operation and channels of distribution system. 4. To study their marketing Plans and sales promotional activities. 3 COMPANY PROFILECOMPANY NAME: Dharwad Co-operative Milk Producers Union Ltd. Lakkammanahalli, Industrial Area. P. B Road Dharwad-580004 NATURE OF BUSINESS : Mfg / Service / Semi-agro based Co-operative Unit. TYPE OF OWNERSHIP : Co-Operative Unit. TEL-NO : 0836-2467643, 2461876, 2468380. RAW MATERIAL Milk : 85,000 LPD Water 5 to 6 lack liters/day Coal 4 to 5 tones. CAPACITY OF PLANT: 2, 00,000 Liter’s / Day 12 Tones milk powder, 10 T Butter, 6 T Ghee. FINISHEDPRODUCTS: Milk, Butter, Ghee, Gurtz, Peda, Milk powder, Ice creams, Curd, Lassi, Khova. TOTAL INVEST: 7 Crores TOTAL SOCIETIES AT VILLAGE LEVEL : 460 Societies 3. 1 BOARD OF DI RECTORS 1. Shri B N Arabgond. Chairman 2. Dr M N Venkatramu. Managing Director 3. Shri N S Asuti. Director. 4. Shri G M Morbad. Director. 5. Shri A M Desai. Director. 6. Shri S M Hadagali. Director. 7. Shri R N Davagi. Director. 8. Shri U M Hegade. Director. 9. Shri G G Hegade. Director. 10. Govt Dept Officers. 5 Members. 11. Govt Nominated. 3 Members. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION (KMF) [pic] 3. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION: The first dairy in Karnataka was started in Kudige in Kodagu district in 1955, further in June 1974; an integrated project was launched in Karnataka to restructure and reorganize the dairy industry on the co-operative principle and to lay foundation for a new direction in dairy development. In 1975, the World Bank aided dairy development was initiated. The present Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) came into existence in 1984-as a result of merging of Karnataka Dairy Development Co-operation, small co-operatives and Karnataka Milk Production Development and loose vendors .At the end of the March 1998, the network of 8023 Diary Co-operative Societies (DCS) have been established which are spread over 166 taluks of the total 175 taluks in all 28 districts of Karnataka. There are 13 Milk Unions and Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one among them. There are 35 Chilling centers, 3 Farm coolers, 15 Liquid milk plants and 2 Product dairies for chilling, processing, conservation and marketing of milk. To supply cattle feed there are 4 cattle feed plants. To ensure supply of quality germ plasma Bull breeding farm and frozen semen bank are also available. 3. 2. 1 Karnataka co-operative Milk Producers’ Federation Limited (KMF)KMF is the apex Body in Karnataka representing Dairy Cooperatives. It is the third largest dairy co-operative amongst the dairy co-operatives in the country. To impart training, institutes at Bangalore and regional training institutes at Dharwad and Gulbarga are functioning. Three nitrogen plants (2 plants of 25 CPM and 1 plant of 5 CPM) are been set-up to supply nitrogen, which is used for Refrigeration purpose. Three diagnostic centers have been set-up for monitoring diseases: three fodder farms at Rajkunte, Kuttanahalli and Kodagu have been set-up to supply good quality of fodder and seed production farm at Shahapur has been set-up.The federation giving details of the latest technology in dairy industry etc is published ‘’Ksheer Sagar’’ magazine monthly. 3. 2. 3 UNITS OF KMF: KMF has the following Units functioning directly under its control: ? Mother Dairy, Yelahanka, Bangalore. ? Nandini Milk Products, KMF Complex, Bangalore. ? Cattle Feed Plants at Rajanukunte/Gubbi/Dharwad/Hassan. ? Nandini Sperm Station (formerly known as Bull Breeding Farm & Frozen Semen Bank) at Hessaraghatta. ? Pouch Film Plant at Munnekolalu, Marathhalli. ? Central Training Institute at KMF Complex, Bangalore. ? Quality Control Lab at KMF Complex, Bangalore.List of Co-operative Milk Producers’ Societies Union: [pic] KMF is a co-operative apex body in the state of Karnataka for representing dairy organizations and also implementing dairy development activities to achieve the following objectives. †¢ Providing assured and remunerative market for all the milk produced by the farmer members. †¢ Providing hygienic milk to urban consumers. †¢ To build village level institutions in co-operative sector to manage the dairy activities. †¢ To ensure provision of milk production inputs, processing facilities and dissemination of know-how. To facilitate rural development by providing opportunities for self-employment at village level, preventing migration to urban areas, etc. 3. 2. 4 FUNCTIONS OF KMF: †¢ Co-ordination of activities between the unions. †¢ Developing the markets for the increasing in milk production. †¢ To make the brand ‘’Nandini’’ as a house hold name. †¢ Excellence in quality is to be maintained to lay a solid foundation for wide Spread acceptance of ‘’Nandini’’ products. †¢ To increase the market share of ‘’Nandini’’. THE GROWTH PROCESS: The growth over the years and activities undertaken by KMF is summarized briefly hereunder: Growth of KMF   Descriptions |  Units |1976-1977   |2009-2010 | |  Dairy Co-operatives |  Nos   |  416 |11063 | |  Membership  Ã‚   |  Nos |  37000 |1956163 | |  Milk Procurement  Ã‚   |  Kgs/day |  50000   |3025940 | |  Milk Sales  Ã‚   |  Lts/day |  95050   |2129790/curd:1. 7LKPD | |  Cattle Feed Consumed   |  Kgs/DCS   |  220 |3010 | |  Daily Payment to Farmers   |  Rs. Lakhs   |  0. 90 |342 | |  Turnover   |  Rs. Crores   |   |2707. 00 | Source: DHARWAD MILK UNION [pic] Dharwad District Co-operative Milk Producer’s Societies Union Ltd. The Union was established in the year 1986 under the Operation Flood 2 and 3.The Union a lso later took over in 1988 the Milk Products Factory with a drying capacity of 2. 10 Lakh Litres per day, earler established by the Karnataka milk Products Limited (GOK Undertaking). The Union covers the districts of Dharwad, Karwar, Haveri, and Gadag, and has chilling centres at Gadag, Haveri, Sirsi,, Ron, Nargund, Hirekerur, and Kumta with chilling capacity of 1. 20 Lakh Litres Per Day. The Union procures and sells on an average 0. 92 Lakh per Day and 0. 59 Lakh Liters Per Day respectively. There are 7 Bulk Milk Coolers in the Union.Apart from selling milk, I sells pure buffalo milk and produces very thick 250gm Curds in mud pots specially designed for this namely â€Å"KUDIKE MOSARU†, the famous Dharwad Peda, Butter in bulk as well as in retail packs and in 10 gm chip sets, Ghee, Skimmed Milk Powder and Paneer. Establishment: The Dharwad Milk Union is Co-operative society among the 13 establishments, under KMF: The Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one of the most modern plants in the country. It is located in the spacious 25 acres of land, located in Lakamanahalli Industrial Area; adjacent to the National Highway-4. It is patterned the AMUL Milk Dairy, Gujarat.NATURE AND BUSINESS CARRIED: The Nature of Dharwad Milk Union is that procuring the Milk from societies. And that milk will be bringing through tankers for various chilling centers those, which are near and convenient to various societies. The Union processes the milk and market in urban area through by various agents. The Union providing service to milk producer's technical inputs like veterinary services, seeds, fodder etc. and also by giving training to farmer and also induction program. The Union strengthening of milk cooperative movement, organization of extension activities and the rural development services.The Union also owns and operates the dairy plant cattle feed plant; fodder and bull mother forms, semen collection station, and herd quarter center for animal husbandry activities. The Un ion also takes research, development and also other promotional activities for the overall benefit of the farmer. The Union providing various product to market like toned milk, standard milk, full creamed milk, double toned milk, homogeneous standard milk, along with cheese curd, ghee, peda also providing. This is the nature and business carried of the Shivamoga milk Union. 3. 3 VISIONS MISSION AND QUALITY POLICY:VISION STATEMENT OF DMU ? Total quality ? Honesty ? Discipline ? Cleanliness ? Transparency ? Sincerity and dedication ? Co-operation free of politics ? Sovereignty ? Respecting each other's, opinions, ideas & feelings. MISSION STATEMENT OF DMU: Dharwad Milk Union is committed to provide maximum possible price for the milk supplied by its members and provide necessary inputs to enhance milk production while ensuring economic viability of the Union and is also committed to provide quality milk products to consumers and emerge as one of the top most milk union of the co-opera tive dairy industry in the country.At DMU we Endeavor to satisfy the taste and nutritional requirements of the customers. Through excellence in marketing by DMU committed team, DMU are committed to offering quality products that provide best value for money. PUNCH LINE: â€Å"FRESH AND PURE â€Å" DMU QUALITY OBJECTS AND QUALITY POLICY: QUALITY OBJECTS: 1) To develop the quality consciousness among all the producers or employees of the union. 2) To implement the cost reduction in each stage of collection processing and distribution. 3) Make every one aware of the every conservation in dairy. ) To maximize the customers complaints and achieve customer satisfaction. 5) To set goals or targets at all levels to achieve continuous improvement. 6) To train our workman from time to time for exposure to advanced technology for efficient operations. 7) To provide adequate infrastructure facility for improving the work environment. INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES: Infrastructure facilities in DMU , they have these won chilling center and they can distribute milk with the capacity of covering the 11 routes and the capacity is 2, 00,00LPD. Other facilities like: ? Security facilities Canteen facilities ? Shift: Three shift per day. ? Manual punching card and computer entries will be there DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED. Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. DMU was Rs. 7 crore Projects of which Government has Rs. 2Crosre of share capital and authorized capital of DMU is Rs. 5crore. DMU formed 551 milk producer's co-operative societies in Dharwad, Gadag,and Haveri and Uttar Kannada districts.The production capacity of DMU is 2lack liters of milk per day and also has the capacity to produce 12tones of milk powder, 10tones of butter, and 6tones of ghee per day. DMU is collecting 85 thousand liter s of milk per day from its societies and sells 60 thousand liters of milk per day and the remaining milk is used for producing milk products. History: A group of experienced officers, appointed by the Karnataka Milk Federation surveyed the whole of Dharwad districts (includes two newly formed district Gadag and Haveri) and Uttar Karnataka. Further they found out there as a need for a Milk Dairy.They traveled the surrounding villages, educated the villagers about Milk and Milk Products and the benefits they would get from the Milk Dairy. Seeing the overwhelming response and untapped resources and the huge market the Federation decided to setup the Milk Union in 1984, known as the DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. Functions of DMU:The main function of DMU is to procu re milk from villagers and pay them the right price. †¢ To educate the villagers about milk and its quality. †¢ To make ‘Nandini' as a part of daily life. †¢ To provide good quality of cattle feed, fodder, veterinary aid seeds, etc. , to the villagers. †¢ To see that the DCS's are carrying out their activities properly and in an efficient manner. †¢ To see that the milk is brought from DCS's to the chilling centers in the prescribed time. †¢ To look the accounts of the DCS's supervise the purchase process and market the milk and milk products. Objectives of DMU: Providing hygienic and good quality of milk to the consumers. †¢ To build the economic strength of the milk producers in villagers. †¢ To eliminate middlemen's in the business so that the milk producers receive their appropriate share of bread. †¢ To educate the villagers about the adulteration of milk and its harmful effect on the body. †¢ To see that every citizen bec omes healthy by consuming good quality of milk. †¢ To make villagers self-viable and build self image. GOALS OF THE DMU †¢ Generating employment opportunity for rural mass †¢ Procurements of good milk †¢ Supplying quality milk to the customer in the city for appropriate priceProcess at DMU: The milk collected at DCS's is brought to the center through carriers, trucks etc. The quality and quantity of milk bought is checked at the Reception center by a supervisor. A sample of milk is taken and is tested in a laboratory for fat content, Solid Not Fat (SNF) acidity etc. As the milk is at room temperature it is to be brought down to 4 °C to 5 degree C. So that it may check the growth of bacteria. To ensure this milk is passed through a chilling chamber where the milk is chilled. Its temperature is bought down and then the milk is stored in a tank called as â€Å"Ram Milk Tank†.From this tank the milk is pumped to a pasteurizing cell where the milk is heated u p to 72 °C and 15 seconds, so that all the bacteria and microorganisms may be killed and then the milk is simultaneously cooled to 4 °C to 5 degree C and is stored in a â€Å"Pasteurized Milk Tank† . PRODUCT PROFILE Milk Products 1. Nandini Toned milk: Nandini Toned Fresh and Pure milk containing 3. 0% fat and 8. 5% SNF. Available in 500ml and 1litre packs. 2. Nandini Homogenized toned milk: Nandini Homogenized Milk is pure milk which is homogenized and pasteurized. Consistent right through, it gives you more cups of tea or coffee and is easily digestible. . Full cream milk: Full Cream milk. Containing 6% Fat and 9 % SNF. A rich, creamier and tastier milk, Ideal for preparing home-made sweets & savories . 4. Good life: Cow's pure milk, UHT processed bacteria free in a tamper-proof tetra-fino pack which keeps this milk fresh for 60 days without refrigeration until opened. Available in 500ml Fino and in 200ml Bricks. 4. Nandini Ghee: A taste of purity. Nandini Ghee made fro m pure butter. It is fresh and pure with a delicious flavor. Hygienically manufactured and packed in a special pack to retain the goodness of pure ghee.Shelf life of 6 months at ambient temperatures. Available in 200ml, 500ml, 1000ml sachets, 5lts tins and 15. 0 kg tins 5. Nandini Curd: Nandini Curd made from pure milk. It's thick and delicious. Giving you all the goodness of homemade curds. Available in 200gms and 500gms sachet. 6. Nandini Peda: No matter what you are celebrating! Made from pure milk, Nandini Peda is a delicious treat for the family. Store at room temperature approximately 7 days Available in 250gms pack containing 10 pieces each. 10. Butter: Rich, smooth and delicious. Nandini Butter is made out of fresh pasteurized cream.Rich taste, smooth texture and the rich purity of cow's milk makes any preparation a delicious treat. Available in 100gms (salted), 200gms and 500gms cartons both salted and unsalted. Product Processing Milk may be defined as the whole, fresh, cl ean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy milk animals, excluding that obtained within 15 days before or 5 days after calving or such periods as may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrums-free and containing the minimum prescribed percentages of milk fat and milk-solids-not-fat.In India, the term ‘milk', when unqualified, refers to cow or buffalo milk, or a combination of the two. [pic] PRODUCT PROCESSING [pic] SOURCE: DHARWAD MILK UNION |Status |A co-operative society registered under the Co-operative act 1959 | |Nature of Business |Procuring and Marketing of Milk Production and Sale of Milk Products | |Share Capital |5 corers Approx. |Plant Capacity |2 Lakhs Liters / day | | |Milk Powder 12 MT /Day | | |Butter 10 MT / Day | | |Ghee 6 MT / Day | |Milk Chilling Centers and Capacity |Gagad 20000 LPD | | |Haveri 20000 LPD | | |Hirekerur 20000 LPD | | |Naragund 8000 LPD | | |Ron 10000 LPD | | |Sirsi 20000 LPD | |Karwar pac king unit |The milk in bulk is sent for packing and distribution at Karwar Which supplies and | | |need of Karwar, Gokama, Honnavar, Bhatkal, Murdeshwar and Goa | Present Value of Activity |Collection of Milk 85000 LPD | | |Sale of Milk 70000 LPD | |Area of Operation |Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Uttar Karnataka, Goa Parts of Maharashtra | |Board of Directors |Elected Member 8 | | |Ex-Officers 5 | | |By Govt. 3 | |Total Workers |383 Workers |Location |Lakamanahalli Industrial Area, Dharwad | |Department |8 | |Brand Name |Nandini | |Products |Milk | | |Toned Milk, Standard Milk, Shubham Milk | | |Milk Products | | |Butter, Ghee, Peda, Curd, Lassi, Paneer, Milk Powder | |Co-operative Societies at Village Level |460 Societies | 3. 4 LAYOUT OF COMPANY: This is the plant existence in industrial area lakkamanahalli in PB Road. [pic] STRATEGIES OF DMU The Dharwad Milk Union has the following set of strategies, which will be formulated every year. The present year has the following strate gies. The strategies are formulated with the help of KMF and NDDB and the union members.Below are the strategies set for this year. STRATEGIES OF PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT: †¢ To establish 10 new unions in this year. †¢ Aims at procuring an average of 70,000 liters of milk. †¢ Aims at establishing 15 Artificial Insemination Centers in village units. †¢ Aims at marketing 6080 metric tons of â€Å"Nandini† fodder for cattle. †¢ Aims of setting up of 1296 Veterinary Treatment Camps. †¢ Aims at providing Vaccination to 50,000 cattle against Food and Mouth Diseases. †¢ Making more milk to powder this year. STRATEGIES OF ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT †¢ To Check Labor absenteeism. †¢ To take actions against in-disciplined workers. †¢ To reduce the intake daily workers for petty jobs. Aims at helping the employees to become more responsible towards their work. STRATEGIES OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Aims at processing an average of 1. 10 lakh liters of milk daily Aims at producing | Tons | Products | | 1338 | Milk powder | | 245. 74 | Butter | | 857. 24 | Bulk Butter | | 135. 52 | Ghee | | 48. 22 | Peda | | 19. 6 | Paneer | | 537. 24 | Curds | There have been plans set to reduce the SNF and FAT content in the milk so as to protect the quality of the milk. STRATEGIES OF THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT †¢ Aims at marketing the above products through proper Distribution Channels. †¢ Aims to conduct 52 Consumer Awareness Programs and various Seminars. †¢ Aims at conducting 10 wholesalers' retailers meeting. †¢ Aims at setting 10 Exclusive NANDINII Milk Parlors. †¢ Aiming to set up new advertisements strategies like putting up of hoardings. †¢ Distributing Pamphlets, contests etc. †¢ Price list of milk and milk producs. SL |Product’s name |Net Amt |Commission |MRP | |1 |Toned Milk/Liter |24. 12 |0. 88 |25. 00 | |2 |HTM/ltr |25. 09 |0. 91 |26. 00 | |3 |HCM/ltr |27 |1. 00 |28. 00 | |4 |Curd 500gm |14 |1. 00 |15. 0 | |5 |Butter Milk 200ml |4 |1. 00 |5. 00 | |6 |Peda/250 gm |39. 00 |6. 00 |45. 00 | |7 |200 ml Ghee |54. 55 |5. 45 |60. 00 | |8 |500 ml |180. 90 |18. 10 |199. 0 | |9 |1000 ml Ghee |250 |30. 00 |280. 00 | |10 |S. F. M/ bottle |14. 47 |2. 53 |17. 00 | |11 |Jamoon mix/ 200gm |44. 64 |5. 36 |50. 00 | |12 |Mysore pak/ 250 gm |66. 97 |8. 03 |75. 0 | |13 |Paneer/kg |217. 39 |32. 61 |250. 00 | |14 |Butter 500gm |126. 79 |15. 21 |142. 00 | NANDINI PRODUCT DETAILS AND RATE (NMP PRODUCTS) |Sl No. |Product Name |Maximum Price of Sale | | |Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg |250. 00 | | |Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg 50. 00 | | |Badam Powder 10 gm Tin/Kg |300. 00 | | |Mysore Pak 250 gm/Kg |280. 00 | | |Mysore Pak 250 gm pack |70. 00 | | |Jamoon Mix 200 gm / Kg |250. 00 | | |Jamoon Mix 200 gm / pack |50. 0 | | |SFM Bottles |14. 00 | | |Milk 200 Ml Pack (Tetra Pack) |14. 00 | CHAPTER – 2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE [pic] Organization structure is the skeleton of the organization. It prescribes the formal relationship among various position and the activities. Arrangements about reporting, relationship, how an organization member is to communicate with other members, what roles and procedures exist to guide the various activities performed by the members of all parts of the organization structure.Organization structure plays a vital role in achieving the organizational goals. Organization structure should be properly designed to facilitate the smooth functioning of the organization. Organization structure of Dharwad milk union consists of BOD’s at the top. Then president, under whom is the Managing Director. He is the person who is responsible for smooth functioning of the organization. After Managing Director there are managers and Deputy Mangers of various departments who are responsible and accountable for the activities of their respective departments. There are subordinates, supervisors and employees who are directly linked with department managers. DEPARTMENTS OF DMU: 1. PURCHASE DEPARTMENT:It is a sub-department, which comes under Finance Department. The main work of this department is to purchase various materials required by different department. After ascertaining the stock position by stores department and indent is sent by different department duly approved by the Managing Director. This department act to purchase materials. It also maintains records of all the suppliers calls for Tenders, quotations etc. Quotations with lowest rate are sanctioned. Purchase up to 50,000 can be made by Purchase Department. If the purchase amount is more than 50,000, then the approval of Managing Director. STRUCTURE:- The structure of Purchase Department is as shown: QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT:In DMU, at every stage, care is taken to ensure that the customer gets the products, which have a very high quality. Hence there is a separate department called Quality Department. Where the quality testing is done. There is a separate laboratory for this. Quality control is very essential as to maintain the freshness of the milk. All the containers, pipes and other equipments are washed with hot water before starting off with new production. There are many tests conducted here. The packed milk we get will have undergone 3 quality tests. First test is done on raw milk, which we get from chilling center. Next before standardization and the last test before packing. The other tests conducted are: TEST |REASON | | Temperature | Should be below 5 degrees | | Clot on Boiling | If mill curdles soon after boiling milk is | | |Rejected | | Acidity Test | To test the extent of acidity | | Alcohol Test | To check the heat stability of milk | | Lactometer | To check the density of milk | | Fat test | Percentage of fat determined | | SNF Test | Percentage of SNF determined for pricing SNF=CLR+FAT/4 | 2. PRODUCTION PROCESS AND DEPARTMENT: The main objective of this department is to follow up production schedule as per plan and to maintain close and co-ordinate relationship with other department and ensures to upgrade the technical efficiency of production. Milk, as it is highly perishable product has to process immediately to avoid spoilage milk with respect to its flavor, texture and taste. Production department is well equipped and has various types of highly sophisticated machines imported from Sweden and Denmark.Once the milk is received from P & I department, it is first weighed with the help of weighing bowl. Later, it is poured in dump tank. Sample testing is made through lactometer reading and other tests. The fat and SNF content of each sample of milk is accessed the cow and buffalo's milk are separately received and sent to the production section separately through two different stainless steel pipes. Later, the raw milk is passed through plate chiller of variable capacity where it is cooled up to 4-5 degrees Celsius. This cooled raw material is further stored in a silo of 30,000 liters capacity. PURPOSE OF CHILLING: This is done to avoid the growth of microorganisms, which are responsible for spoilage of milk and bitter taste.The milk, which is stored in silos, is pumped through pipeline to the balance tank, which helps to maintain the steady speed flow of milk in the Pasteurization machine. In, DMU there are 2 milk Pasteurization machine and 1 Cream Pasteurization machine. PURPOSE OF PASTEURIZATION: Pasteurization is a process where milk is heated to high temperature and cooled instantly, to destroy any microorganism. The pasteurized milk will stored in Pasteurized milk silos and then sent to pre-packing section. Packing is done in 500ml and 1000ml and stored in cold storage at 7 °. PASTEURIZATION OF CREAM: The milk in bulk is taken to the cream separator. Here, the, cream is separated.The cream is passed through cream Pasteurization Unit. This cream is sent to Butter Section. The milk with no fat is skimmed milk. Th is skim milk ‘is pumped back to Pasteurization Unit and heated to 72 ° using steam and chilled to 4 ° using chilled water and stored silos. This skimmed milk is sent to powder section. The pasteurize cream is mixed in portion to pasteurized milk. CURDS: Raw milk is heated to 90 ° and allowed to cool to 30 °. Later culture is added to it and packed; the curd is formed in the packet itself. It is stored and packed in 200gms and 500gms. BUTTER: The cream, which is stored in cream refining tank, is taken to the churning section where it is churned.Here butler fat and buttermilk are separated. The vacuum pump removes excess of moisture and butter comes out of continuous butter making machine (capacity – 1500 kgs/hour). Butler is packed in 100, 200 and 500 gms and also in 10, 25 gms, these are stored in deep freezer room with temperature – 22 ° and if the order of salt butter they mix the salt water with cream and other process is same. GHEE: There are 2 Ghee Boiler of capacity 1500 kgs/batch. A Butter of 2. 5 tons is melted and is brought to Ghee Boiler. Here it is heated to 116-117 degree Celsius for 15 minutes so that the residue is allowed to settle down and Ghee is passed to setting tank through clarifiers.Later Ghee is allowed for cooling (at 30 °-40 °) and packed in Tin of Liter, 500 ml and 200 ml of pack and kept in the cold storage. PANEER: If there is excess of milk, then, Paneer is been made. The milk is heated to 900 for 15-20 minutes. Glacial acetic acid is added to milk and then milk is strained through fine muslin cloth. The solid potion is retained and is put in water and then it is put in chilled water and left overnight. Later it is packed and stored in cold storage. MILK POWDER: When there is excess of milk. Milk powder is made. The capacity of the powder plant is 12 tons. There are two sections – Evaporator and Spray Drier through which milk is converted to Milk Powder. In Evaporator, milk is boiled for 55  ° at high vacuum.Milk is concentrated to drier 40-45% of milk is solid, moisture is removed and the milk power obtained consists of 4% moisture. PEDHA: Dharwad is famous for its delicious Peda. DMU has separate Peda section. About 80 Liters (depends upon the demand) is heated continuously for 3 hours till the milk is semi-solid, later sugar and other ingredients are added and stirred continuously on low flame. Later it cooled and it is shaped in small balls and packed. The milk produced here is differentiated by the content of fat and SNF |TYPE |FAT |SNF | |Toned ‘Milk |3. 1% |8. % | |Standard Milk |4. 5% |9% | |Shubham Milk |6% |9% | |Full Cream Milk |5. 1% |9% | The below table gives a brief idea of the milk products, their fat SNF, moisture Content: |PRODUCT |FAT |SNF |MOISTURE | |Butter |83% |1% |16% | |Ghee |99. % |- |0. 2% | |Pannier |20% |30% |50% | The production department has the following structure: Package of milk: The company has three machines with double head ; six persons for packing the milk. The milk is heated from 70-80 degree temperature and compressed air for filling of milk. Total workers in this department are 24. Liquid milk weight in grams a) 200 ml=208 +/-3 gms b) 500 ml=517 +/-3 gms c) 10,00 ml=1034 +/-5 gms Curds weight: †¢ 200 gms = 202 +or- †¢ 500 gms = 503+or-2Film length: a) 200 ml= 100 mm b) 500 ml= 150 mm c) 1000 ml= 230 mm While packaging of milk. The crate is washed from 3 to 5 degree temperature and then the milk is set in crate and the milk is stored in cold room. The temperature of cold room is 2 to 5 degree Celsius. 3. PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT: Input required per day: Milk procurement up to 85000 liters 5 to 6 lakh liters of water 10,000 units of electricity 4 to 5 tones of coal Generator in case of electricity failure and manpower Quality Control: At different stages of production the officer from the Quality Control department keeps verifying the quality of the products frequently.Any defects or unconformity to standards is immediately reports and necessary measures are taken to correct them. It is only that after the approval of this department the goods can be dispatched to the market. Waste materials are sent to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The buttermilk liquid containing a small percentage of fat content is sold to the soap manufacturers, otherwise it is sent to a special tank with agitator rotating in it. Different chemicals are used and sterilized fresh water is released for agricultural purpose. Caution is taken with regard to the height of the chimney to avoid air pollution. Steam plant: In various steps of production for instance melting of butter to ghee etc. steam is required. This steam is produced in steam production plant where coal is used for this purpose. Everyday nearly 4-5 tones of coal are required. The ash is sold to the brick manufacturer. THE STRUCTURE OF P&I DEPARTMENT: Procurement and input department is play a vital role in the DMU. In any a ny milk union this department handles the procurement of the milk required amt to the production process. FUNCTIONS OF P&I: †¢ Procurement of milk from milk producer’s co-operative societies. †¢ Establishment of milk producer’s co-operative societies. †¢ Encouraging farmers to produce more milk. †¢ Provide fair price to the good quality milk. PROCUREMENT OF MILK:Daily procurement of DMU is 80,000 liters/day on average. Procurement of milk seasonally variated from September – December the milk productivity is high and in summer it is low. M Milk collection process Milk procurement process has done all the 365 days and two times a day and procuring milk routes through transportation. DMU making Rs11 for cow milk and Rs13. 50for buffalo milk as minimum and other rate will depend on the SNF and FAT. After the chilling the milk is loaded and brought to the near by union. Once milk brought to the union it is rechecked for quality, quantity, freshne ss and then it sent for the further production process.If the milk is spoilt in transit it brought to the notice of concerned society, in case of away society if the milk is spoilt due to carelessness/delay of the driver it is brought to the notice to the contractor who is responsible for the loss. ESTABLISHMENT OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES:- This is the important task carried by the P&I dept, societies are established in villages. There should be a min 50 members from societies and there should surplus of 75 liters of milk collection per day. There should be localities should produce milk from buffalo or cow or both, there is cheap elected from members who has ability to run a society successfully he is responsible for selling the shares to the formers who contributed from the societies. Share of Rs100 each should be allocated a society should gather an Rs20, 000 from the society.After registration, a commencing a general body meeting will held with 9 members who are influential and knowledgeable elected becomes director of the societies two as take as secretary and tester. It is the duty of secretary to maintain all records and ledgers of dairy transactions. The tester verifies quality of the milk a sheet a send with the carrier. PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES:- This dept takes some promotional activities to increase the rate of production of the milk. †¢ Veterinary services to keep up the good health of cattle through a) Regular health Camps b) Emergency service round the clock c) First aid, Vaccination, Infertility Camps, Fodder †¢ Artificial Insemination facilities for improvement of Cattle breed. Facilitating Training Programs regarding management of Cattle. †¢ Supply of Fodder to the cattle. PRICE TO THE PROCURED MILK:- | |Fat content |SNF |Price/Liter | |Buffalo. |6% |9% |12. 60RS | |Cow’s Milk. |3. 5% |8. 5% |9. 75Rs | The price given below is based on the SNF and Fat 4. STORES DEPARTMENT: STRUCTURE:- The stores department in DMU foll ows the Cordex System (Coded Control System). A card is maintained for each item and a number is allotted.The card attached to each article consists of amount balance, date of issue, purchase etc. this is later recorded in separated ledger book. The inventors are of different kind ranging from mechanical, spares, packing items to animal drugs, and stationary and veterinary drugs. There are at least 4000 different inventories. This department has the following services: It tries to maintain maximum and minimum level of inventory so as to avoid blockage of capital and storage. Ordinary and local available commodities are maintained at minimum possible level. Items of urgent and not easily available are stored sufficiently for further demand. Finished Goods Stores Department:The FGS department has the following structure Finished Goods Stores: This department acts as an interface between production and Marketing Department. It is concerned with maintenance of finishes goods connected r ecords. It receives all the finished goods and issues the stock to marketing department as per indents. It ensures that the goods are maintained properly with respect to quality. Accounts are maintained and daily and monthly report is submitted to the production. Marketing and Finance Department, as the products as perishable first-in-first-out method of inventory is followed 5. FINANCE DEPARTMENT: The structure of finance Department is as shown:This Department is responsible for keeping all the inward and outward flow of money of union. It prepares budget every year and fi